International Entrepreneurship Review
type: channel
description: “International Entrepreneurship Review” (IER) is a scientific journal published by the Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship in close cooperation with the Department of International Trade of Krakow University of Economics, issued quarterly. The journal covers the results of research and exchange of experience related to the issues of both international microeconomics (firms as a research subject) and international macroeconomics (economy as a research subject), with particular emphasis on international entrepreneurship in various spatial systems of the global economy. “International Entrepreneurship Review” publishes scientific articles, among others, in the following areas: international business, international economics, entrepreneurship. WE DON'T PUBLISH ARTICLES BEYOND THESE TOPICS ANY MORE! We prioritize any articles on various aspects of international entrepreneurship! You are very welcome to submit your article into our journal. - IER has been indexed in ESCI Web of Science Core Collection since 2023 – starting from the issue 9(1) The articles must be up to 50 000 characters (including spaces as well as all necessary tables, figures, graphs and illustrations, the list of used references and any appendixes if needed). Articles not exceeding 50 000 characters are published free of charge (no article submission (ASF) nor article processing (APF) fees are charged), otherwise the article processing fee (APC) will be applied. We remind that all submitted manuscripts should not exceed the recommended size in accordance with established rules up to 50 000 characters with spaces (i.e. including tables, figures, references, author’s box at the end of the article, etc.). Each Table and each Figure must be recalculated to characters based on its space. Krakow University of Economics subsidises all articles in IER, as we do not sale the copyrights to the databases, so we have no profits at all. The average real costs of the articles are high and they in…
publisher: Krakow University of Economics
language: en
publication name: International Entrepreneurship Review
issn: 2658-1841
copyright: 1. The author agrees to publish his article free of charge in the journal "International Entrepreneurship Review" (IER) in the language of the above publication (English). The editorial staff reserves the right to shorten texts and to change titles. 2. The journal allows the authors to keep their copyrights (the copyright) in accordance with the license: Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 from 2023 (since vol. 9, no 1). By the end of 2022 we published under Creative Commons CC BY-ND 4.0. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) only the final version of the article, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). We advise to use any of the following research society portals: - ResearchGate - SSRN - Academia.edu - Selected Works - Academic Search
items: Using guarantees of origin for electricity from renewable energy sources as an instrument for reducing product carbon footprint: A case study
items: Globalisation and human development: Long-term evidence from countries at different levels of development
items: Polish accountants’ readiness for sustainability reporting
items: Employment and branch network effects on the efficiency of Polish cooperative banks
items: Artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms: Pioneering artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms for business
items: The role of innovation in the internationalisation process of Slovakian businesses
items: Barriers to the foreign expansion of small and medium enterprises: Example of Subcarpathian exporters
items: Assessing entrepreneurial emotional intelligence: The development of the emotional intelligence in business questionnaire
items: A Silesian perspective on small and medium-sized enterprises facing the challenges of the green economy
items: Foretelling or foresight? Accounting-based bankruptcy prediction models and earnings quality in the case of Polish listed companies
items: Ready, steady, who do we know? Internationalization intent among emerging market SMEs in Central Asia
items: Greenhorns or old stagers: Is equity crowdfunding in Poland inclusive?
items: Impact of legislative direction on inflation
items: Sustainable business models in small and medium-sized enterprises: State of the art and future research directions
items: Managerial psychological gender and its impact on selected corporate behaviours
items: The smart village concept from 1.0 to 4.0 in the context of ICT entrepreneurship development in the Polish villages
items: A thirty-year evolution of enterprise resilience research: A scoping review
items: Analysis of the circular management model of information and communication technology resources of large enterprises in the European Union
items: A complex phenomenon of students’ entrepreneurial potential
items: War-induced relocation of high-tech companies:Spatial perspectives from Ukraine and Poland
items: Standardisation versus adaptation in international marketing of Polish companies operating in foreign markets: The case of Maspex
items: Gender in acceptance of augmented reality in e-commerce: An international perspective
items: The counterparty credit risk appetite in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market
items: Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and students’ entrepreneurial intentions
items: The impact of social capital on the economic performance of Polish family businesses
items: Greedflation in post-pandemic Europe: Analysing profit share dynamics
items: Empirical insights into the reduction of operational costs through AI: A study of Jordanian companies
items: Conceptual insights into the diverse pathways in migrant entrepreneurship
items: Refugee entrepreneurship: Systematic literature review
items: How it started, how it evolved: Ukrainian entrepreneurship in Poland

Using guarantees of origin for electricity from renewable energy sources as an instrument for reducing product carbon footprint: A case study
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to demonstrate the potential for reducing the carbon footprint of products through the use of guarantees of origin (GOs) for electricity from renewable energy sources, based on a case study of an energy-intensive company. Research Design & Methods: We employed regulatory source analysis and a case study methodology to evaluate the use of GOs within a company. Findings: The research results demonstrate that GOs can serve to reduce a product’s carbon footprint only for purchased electricity. The study also indicates that we cannot recognise such instruments in the cost of generating electricity produced using conventional fuels. Implications & Recommendations: The study highlights the regulatory and accounting consequences of the use of GOs. Our findings imply the use of a separate allocation method to ensure compliance with ISO 14067 and European Union sustainability reporting standards. Contribution & Value Added: The study contributes to the literature on carbon footprint reduction by combining aspects of renewable energy certification, legal compliance, and corporate sustainability strategy in the Polish context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: guarantee of origin
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon footprint
  topic: keywords
subject: energy transition
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability
  topic: keywords
subject: renewable energy
  topic: keywords
subject: cost accounting
  topic: keywords
subject: Q42
  topic: subjects
subject: Q56
  topic: subjects
subject: M14
  topic: subjects
creator: Mariusz Andrzejewski
creator: Patryk Dunal
creator: Konrad Grabiński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mariusz Andrzejewski, Patryk Dunal, Konrad Grabiński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 119
ending page: 128
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.08

Globalisation and human development: Long-term evidence from countries at different levels of development
type: item
description: Objective: The main goal of this research is to assess the long-term effects of economic, social, and political globalisation on human development, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). The study also identifies how these relationships differ across groups of countries at different levels of development, using panel data econometric techniques. Research Design & Methods: The research used a balanced panel dataset, which included 40 countries grouped by HDI development levels across 33 years (from 1990 to 2022). The KOF Globalisation Index captures globalisation through three dimensions: economic, social, and political. The HDI serves as the dependent variable, representing the quality of life. The research methodology uses log-linear panel cointegration models, which employ common correlated effects (CCE) estimators and include a panel error correction model (ECM) to analyse long-run relationship dynamics. Findings: Social globalisation creates positive and substantial effects on HDI in countries at all development levels, including those with very high, medium, and low development, especially in countries with limited access to essential services. The effects of economic globalisation on different groups show no pattern of sustained change, and political globalisation benefits only high-HDI countries that possess strong institutional capacity. The research demonstrates that globalisation and HDI share a cointegration relationship, while developed countries exhibit both rapid adjustment and periodic patterns. Implications & Recommendations: The research demonstrates that globalisation produces varying impacts on human development based on the development stage of a nation and its institutional capabilities. Developing nations need to build stronger institutions and social services to benefit from social globalisation, while economic integration demands domestic reforms that include all segments of society. Advanced countries need to stay actively involve…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Globalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: human development
  topic: keywords
subject: quality of life
  topic: keywords
subject: panel data analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: long-term effects
  topic: keywords
subject: F63
  topic: subjects
subject: I31
  topic: subjects
creator: Dorota Kuder
creator: Justyna Wróblewska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dorota Kuder, Justyna Wróblewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 193
ending page: 210
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.09

Polish accountants’ readiness for sustainability reporting
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to assess the attitudes of Polish accountants towards sustainability reporting (SR) as a new area of accounting and to self-assess their readiness to produce such reports. Research Design & Methods: We conducted the empirical study using a questionnaire addressed to Polish accountants by the largest professional organisation of accountants in Poland. We tested research hypotheses using quantitative methods, i.e., non-parametric tests and linear regression models. Findings: The study showed a correlation between the respondents’ declared interest in sustainability reporting and their level of acceptance of the inclusion of these reports in their accounting duties. The vast majority of Polish accountants rated their state of preparedness for sustainability reporting as insufficient. The results also indicate a correlation between the declared level of interest in the topic of SR and the perception of sustainability reporting as an opportunity or a threat for the accountant. Respondents who are more interested in the issue are positive and optimistic about the opportunities for the future of the profession arising from sustainability reporting. We found that women in the accounting profession are more interested in the topic of SR. Implications & Recommendations: The obtained results broaden and deepen the knowledge on the attitude of the accounting community in Poland to the obligation of sustainability reporting. On the one hand, they provide a diagnosis of the perception of the topic of SR by accountants and, on the other hand, clearly indicate the need for educational and promotional activities. Contribution & Value Added: The study fills a research gap in the area of accountants’ perception of sustainability reporting. The findings of the study enable accounting organisations and company boards to better prepare accountants for the new obligations imposed by the EU. The results broaden and deepen the knowledge of the determinants of Sus…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: accounting profession
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable accounting
  topic: keywords
subject: corporate social responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainability reporting
  topic: keywords
subject: competencies of accountants
  topic: keywords
subject: M40
  topic: subjects
subject: M48
  topic: subjects
creator: Stanisław Hońko
creator: Marzena Strojek-Filus
creator: Katarzyna Świetla
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Stanisław Hońko, Marzena Strojek-Filus, Katarzyna Świetla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 87
ending page: 102
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.06

Employment and branch network effects on the efficiency of Polish cooperative banks
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to evaluate the influence of the employment structure and branch network on the capability of large cooperative banks in Poland (possessing assets exceeding PLN 1 billion) to sustain an optimal equilibrium between operational efficiency and liquidity. This article also seeks to identify the causes for the declining efficiency of cooperative banks in Poland in recent years and to evaluate the possibility of implementing solutions to enhance this efficiency. Research Design & Methods: We used static panel models with data suitable for unit and time series analysis. The sample consisted of large cooperative banks operating in Poland (assets over 1 billion PLN). Statistical analysis involved diagnostic tests, collinearity analysis via VIF, and winsorisation at the first percentile to reduce outlier impact. We used Driscoll-Kraay standard errors to estimate the panel model. Findings: We established that a high number of employees in a cooperative bank can negatively affect the return on assets (ROA) and lead to an increase in the cost-to-income (CtI) ratio. Similarly, an extensive branch network can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of assets used (ROA) and an increase in the CtI ratio. On the other hand, a higher bank’s total assets-to-employee ratio is associated with a lower CtI ratio, suggesting improved cost efficiency. Moreover, banks with higher assets per branch achieve higher profitability (higher ROA) and better cost efficiency (lower CtI). Implications & Recommendations: The results of our study imply that optimising the staffing structure and branch network is crucial to achieve a balance between profitability and cost efficiency in cooperative banks. The solution to the problem could be employment restructuring, the implementation of process automation technologies, precise staff planning, and investment in the development of employee competence. We also suggest optimising costs related to the branch network, implementing moder…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cooperative banks
  topic: keywords
subject: efficiency
  topic: keywords
subject: liquidity
  topic: keywords
subject: employment
  topic: keywords
subject: branch network
  topic: keywords
subject: G21
  topic: subjects
subject: J21
  topic: subjects
creator: Mateusz Folwarski
creator: Michał Boda
creator: Bartłomiej Balawejder
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mateusz Folwarski, Michał Boda, Bartłomiej Balawejder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 103
ending page: 117
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.07

Artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms: Pioneering artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms for business
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to demonstrate AI’s role in supporting negotiation preparations, especially in defending the starting position. Research Design & Methods: In the article, we applied a descriptive analysis, with a prior review of literature sources, comparison, and deduction. We based the development of the artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms (AINA) on a heuristic-synthetic method. Findings: We propose an algorithm for defending the starting position that not only structures the negotiation process but also provides practical semantic tools to effectively defend the offer and build long-term relationships with customers. Implications & Recommendations: The AINA algorithm not only offers an effective tool for present negotiators but also provides the foundation for further identification and development of advanced negotiation algorithms. The considerations presented aimed at providing business practitioners with insights into the integration of AI into negotiation strategies and starting a dialogue on the unification of such algorithms in future AI models that will be capable of conducting complex negotiations. Contribution & Value Added: The presented algorithm for defending the starting negotiation position, which combines the F-A-B technique (Feature-Advantage-Benefit) with the straight line persuasion (SLP) model, represents a novel conceptualisation of defensive logic in negotiations. It focuses on resisting premature concessions while maintaining constructive dialogue. This synthesis constitutes a significant added value and an attempt to address an existing research gap.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: negotiation process
  topic: keywords
subject: artificial intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: negotiation algorithms
  topic: keywords
subject: AI-driven business models
  topic: keywords
subject: AINA
  topic: keywords
subject: M21
  topic: subjects
subject: O33
  topic: subjects
creator: Anna Odrobina
creator: Wojciech Polan
creator: Jowita Świerczyńska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Odrobina, Wojciech Polan, Jowita Świerczyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 73
ending page: 85
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.05

The role of innovation in the internationalisation process of Slovakian businesses
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to examine the relationship between innovation and export performance among Slovak firms. In particular, we investigated whether innovative activities, including process and product/service innovations, significantly enhance export intensity, and how firm size moderates this relationship. Research Design & Methods: This study adopted a quantitative research design to examine the relationship between innovation and export performance among Slovak firms. We based the empirical analysis on a sample of 292 firms, whose secondary data included measures of export performance and innovation indicators. The analysis employed both descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. We performed data analyses using Excel and Statistica. Findings: The empirical results revealed that innovative firms, regardless of their size, exhibited substantially higher export intensity compared to non-innovative counterparts. Specifically, small innovative companies exported an average of 19.34% of their total sales versus 8.33% for non-innovative ones; the difference increases for medium-sized firms (44% vs. 17.96%) and large companies (57.26% vs. 40.85%). Moreover, further analysis highlighted that firms implementing process innovations achieved markedly higher export sales, while those combining both process and product/service innovations experienced a synergistic boost in export performance. The Mann–Whitney U test confirmed that these differences are statistically significant, reinforcing the notion that innovation is a pivotal driver of international market success. Implications & Recommendations: The findings suggest that policymakers and business leaders should prioritize fostering innovative practices to enhance export performance, especially among medium and large enterprises. To capitalize on innovation as a growth engine, recommendations include increased support for R&D, streamlined access to funding for innovative projects, and the development of …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: product innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: process innovation
  topic: keywords
subject: internationalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: export performance
  topic: keywords
subject: quantitative analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: international competitiveness
  topic: keywords
subject: Slovakia
  topic: keywords
subject: F14
  topic: subjects
subject: O31
  topic: subjects
creator: Jakub Garncarz
creator: Adam Michalik
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Garncarz, Adam Michalik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 71
ending page: 81
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1102.04

Barriers to the foreign expansion of small and medium enterprises: Example of Subcarpathian exporters
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to present determinants of the activity of the small and medium enterprises (SME) sector. Moreover, we attempted to identify barriers to the internationalisation process and the degree of perceived difficulties in Subcarpathian SMEs. Economic literature devotes a lot of space to enterprises’ internationalisation processes. Numerous theories and their empirical verifications explain this process by analysing the activities of large transnational corporations. The emergence of a global competitive environment has resulted in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) being involved in the internationalisation process. Research Design & Methods: In addition to the classic literature analysis, we utilized a survey of internationalized enterprises operating in the Subcarpathian region. We attempted to identify external and internal barriers to internationalisation in SME enterprises. We evaluated differences in the perception of difficulties associated with the existence of individual obstacles in groups of enterprises separated by their size using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: The article presents the determinants of the activity of the SME sector in the economic process or their export activity. Research confirms that SME enterprises in Poland, as a rule, are characterized by low resource potential, which causes them to conduct foreign expansion in less advanced forms, mainly in the form of internationalisation of the sphere of exchange. Implications & Recommendations: The research indicates the main internal and external barriers perceived by Subcarpathian exporters. At the same time, they confirm the thesis that SME foreign expansion is mainly conducted in the form of exports. SME companies, often having limited resources while being creative and innovative, choose this very form, which gives them opportunities not only to enter a foreign market and gain experience but also to gain new contacts, learn about the re…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: internationalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: export
  topic: keywords
subject: barrier
  topic: keywords
subject: enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: SME sector
  topic: keywords
subject: D25
  topic: subjects
subject: F20
  topic: subjects
subject: F21
  topic: subjects
subject: F23
  topic: subjects
creator: Katarzyna Puchalska
creator: Agnieszka Majka
creator: Patrycja Żegleń
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Puchalska, Agnieszka Majka, Patrycja Żegleń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 179
ending page: 192
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.08

Assessing entrepreneurial emotional intelligence: The development of the emotional intelligence in business questionnaire
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to present the ‘Emotional Intelligence in Business‘ (EIB) questionnaire, developed using the four-component 4EI model of emotional intelligence. Research Design & Methods: The EIB questionnaire is based on the 19 competencies of the 4EI Model, which builds on D. Goleman’s mixed model of emotional intelligence. Its competencies are adapted to the business environment, and allow the identification of 4 components: 1) self-awareness (SA), 2) self-management (SM), 3) social awareness (SocA), and 4) relationship management (RM). One hundred fifty-eight respondents of different ages participated in the EIB questionnaire development procedures during 2020 and 2021. We validated the EIB questionnaire using classical test theory methods. We analysed data in MS Excel, SPSS, FACTOR, and R-Studio using techniques such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach’s alpha, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). Findings: The EIB questionnaire demonstrates robust psychometric properties, including high measurement accuracy and internal consistency. It also features a distinct factorial structure. Moreover, the tool demonstrates meaningful and theoretically congruent correlations with N.Hall’s Emotional Intelligence Test and D.Lyusin ‘AmIn‘ Questionnaire. The EIB questionnaire comprises 40 statements, each rated on a five-point Likert scale. According to the 4EI model, the EIB questionnaire is a reliable measuring tool for building an entrepreneur’s EI profile. Implications & Recommendations: The EIB questionnaire allows the building of profiles of entrepreneurs and tracking the dynamics of their EI components: SA, SM, SocA, and RM. Surveys with automatic follow-up recommendations can be easily conducted with the help of the user-friendly chatbot ‘Emotional Intelligence in Business’ specially created in Smart Sender. Contribution & Value Added: This research offers a valuable tool for measuring EI competencies in the busi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: emotional intelligence (EI)
  topic: keywords
subject: four-component instrumental model of emotional intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: 4EI model
  topic: keywords
subject: Emotional Intelligence in Business Questionnaire (EIB Questionnaire)
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: A20
  topic: subjects
subject: C83
  topic: subjects
subject: O35
  topic: subjects
creator: Yuliia Fedorova
creator: Olena Lutsenko
creator: Anna Pilková
creator: Juraj Mikuš
creator: Marian Holienka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Yuliia Fedorova, Olena Lutsenko, Anna Pilková, Juraj Mikuš , Marian Holienka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 7
ending page: 19
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.01

A Silesian perspective on small and medium-sized enterprises facing the challenges of the green economy
type: item
description: Objective: This article aims to identify and analyse the opinions of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) entrepreneurs operating in the Silesian Voivodeship on the prospects of their companies in relation to the need to implement so-called green solutions. The key aim of the study was to identify differences in assessments of future developments in the labour market of the Silesian Voivodeship between two groups of respondents: SME companies with the potential to create green jobs and SMEs in the green sector. Research Design & Methods: We based the analysis on empirical data collected during fieldwork, based on a dedicated interview questionnaire. We used stratified-quota sampling. We conducted the entire study in the form of computer-assisted telephone interviews (CATI) with a sample of 635 respondents. Key relationships between nominal variables and their categories were tested using a chi-square test to determine the significance of these relationships. For factors significantly influencing interest in companies‘ environmental activities, correspondence analysis was additionally applied. Findings: Most respondents believe employment in SMEs with green job potential will remain stable until 2027. Micro-entrepreneurs tend to foresee unchanged employment, while medium-sized companies plan to increase staff. The study highlights that green jobs are not clearly defined, focusing more on retraining employees to meet new environmental requirements than creating new roles related to green technologies. Entrepreneurs believe that Silesia’s socio-economic infrastructure supports green economy initiatives, while companies already engaged in the green sector effectively create green jobs. Notably, 71.4% of these companies‘ representatives expect strong growth in the sustainable economy by 2027. Implications & Recommendations: The green economy in Silesia has promising prospects but faces challenges. Supporting access to public funding and offering preferential pricing …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: SME
  topic: keywords
subject: SDG
  topic: keywords
subject: Silesia region
  topic: keywords
subject: green economy
  topic: keywords
subject: green solution
  topic: keywords
subject: public management
  topic: keywords
subject: Q56
  topic: subjects
subject: 013
  topic: subjects
subject: 018
  topic: subjects
subject: L21
  topic: subjects
creator: Helena Tendera-Właszczuk
creator: Aldona Frączkiewicz-Wronka
creator: Sylwia Słupik
creator: Damian Łukasik
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Helena Tendera-Właszczuk , Aldona Frączkiewicz-Wronka, Sylwia Słupik , Damian Łukasik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 129
ending page: 142
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1004.09

Foretelling or foresight? Accounting-based bankruptcy prediction models and earnings quality in the case of Polish listed companies
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to examine the relationship between bankruptcy risk and earnings quality in designing accounting-based bankruptcy prediction models. The models classify companies (firm-year observations) into two groups with high or low (no) bankruptcy risk. We investigated the difference in earnings quality between those two groups. Research Design & Methods: We used quantitative research methods, such as descriptive statistics, correlation analysis (Pearson’s and Spearman’s rank correlation), and Welch ANOVA. The study sample consisted of firm-year observations of companies listed in the Warsaw Stock Exchange for 17 years (2007-2023) ranging from 5 004 up to 5 688 firm-year observations. We employed five accounting-based bankruptcy prediction models specific to the Polish context and two metrics of earnings quality: accrual and real earnings management. We estimated the proxy of accrual earnings management using the modified Jones model and real earnings management with the Roychowdhury model. We estimated the bankruptcy risk using five prediction models and then analyzed as a continuous (in correlation analysis) and dichotomous variable (Welch ANOVA). Findings: The research results demonstrate that companies classified by company failure models as high bankruptcy risk are associated with lower earnings quality. The results of the Welch ANOVA analysis are consistent across all combinations of accounting-based prediction models and earnings quality proxies used in the study research. The findings imply that a high bankruptcy risk is associated with managers engaging in more intensive accrual and real earnings management. The results suggest managers are more inclined to influence reporting numbers and operational activities to achieve desired goals. Implications & Recommendations: Scholars should consider diminishing the quality of earnings associated with higher bankruptcy risk in designing and developing future accounting-based bankruptcy prediction m…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: bankruptcy prediction
  topic: keywords
subject: accounting-based prediction models
  topic: keywords
subject: earnings quality
  topic: keywords
subject: accrual earnings management
  topic: keywords
subject: real earnings management
  topic: keywords
subject: bankruptcy risk
  topic: keywords
subject: M41
  topic: subjects
subject: O16
  topic: subjects
subject: G33
  topic: subjects
creator: Barbara Grabińska
creator: Konrad Grabiński
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Barbara Grabińska, Konrad Grabinski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 55
ending page: 69
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1102.03

Ready, steady, who do we know? Internationalization intent among emerging market SMEs in Central Asia
type: item
description: Objective: The objective of our paper is to examine the determinants and moderators of managerial internationalization intent of not yet internationalized emerging market small and medium-sized enterprises (EMSMEs) from Kyrgyzstan, a country in Central Asia. Research Design & Methods: Analyzing a sample of 178 non-yet-internationalized SMEs in Kyrgyzstan collected through a survey questionnaire, which have indicated willingness to internationalize, we use an OLS regression model to analyze the impact of government support, international market outlook and various kinds of resources, as determinants of two types of internationalization intent: simple internationalization intent (i.e., establishing first contact) and sophisticated internationalization intent (i.e., corresponding to more intense resource commitments). We further test the moderating effect of business network ties and institutional network ties on those relationships. Findings: We find that government support and international market outlook play equally important roles in simple internationalization intent, while government support becomes crucial for more sophisticated internationalization intent. Business network ties are a significant moderator between international market outlook and simple internationalization intent, while institutional network ties moderate the role of government support, international market outlook and resources for simple internationalization intent. This is almost opposite for more sophisticated internationalization intent, where business network ties moderate all three relationships (i.e., government support, international market outlook, resources) and institutional network ties do not act as a moderator at all. Implications & Recommendations: Our results challenge the importance of resource in the pre-internationalization phase of EMSMEs. Our results also show that government support is crucial for a more “big jump” approach to internationalization, while institutional ti…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emerging Market SMEs
  topic: keywords
subject: Central Asia
  topic: keywords
subject: Pre-internationalization behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutional ties
  topic: keywords
subject: Network ties
  topic: keywords
subject: Government support
  topic: keywords
subject: F23
  topic: subjects
subject: C83
  topic: subjects
creator: Matevž (Matt) Rašković
creator: Nurgul Daminova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Matevž (Matt) Rašković, Nurgul Daminova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 7
ending page: 22
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1101.01

Greenhorns or old stagers: Is equity crowdfunding in Poland inclusive?
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to indicate whether equity crowdfunding (ECF) in Poland is inclusive and whether the attributes of inclusivity influence the campaign’s success. Research Design & Methods: The research covers all ECF campaigns in Poland from 2012-2022. The data collection includes details on equity offers, the companies’ top management teams (TMT) structure, and crowdfunding campaign results. We implemented the ANOVA analysis to verify the hypotheses, and further, based on the data obtained, we built the regression models. Findings: Most of the surveyed entities are characterized by a lack of inclusive attributes. The dominant part of entities founded by ECF are companies located in Warsaw or the capitals of voivodships, managed by men aged between 31-59. Implications & Recommendations: The results show that there is no reason to believe that issuers who are gender inclusive will be more successful in ECF. Moreover, there is no evidence to reject the claim that the inclusiveness of the issuer measured by the age of the CEO can affect the success of the issue. However, the location of the issuer can affect the success of an ECF offer. Contribution & Value Added: Previous research on inclusivity has been conducted mainly in countries with high ethnic diversity. This research identifies the attributes of inclusiveness appropriate for ethnically homogeneous countries. Moreover, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of companies active in the ECF market in Poland.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: equity crowdfunding
  topic: keywords
subject: financial inclusion
  topic: keywords
subject: crowdfunding campaign success
  topic: keywords
subject: equity financing
  topic: keywords
subject: M13
  topic: subjects
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
subject: G23
  topic: subjects
creator: Dominika Kordela
creator: Mariusz Kicia
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Dominika Kordela, Mariusz Kicia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 161
ending page: 178
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.07

Impact of legislative direction on inflation
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to verify the research hypothesis that the impact of the number of government regulations on inflation levels in economies is insignificant. Research Design & Methods: The conducted analysis was quantitative and concerned the impact of the number of acts on the level of inflation in different countries. We used a case study method and panel data modelling to study the phenomenon. We analysed the number of acts and the level of inflation in 18 countries of the world. We divided the research sample into three periods: 1960-1968, 1986-2006, and 2010-2019. We used a random effects (RE) model for statistical data analysis. It enabled us to examine the relationship between the number of legal acts and inflation, considering the time factor and inter-country variability. Findings: The empirical results of the study indicated that an increase in the number of pieces of legislation in the analysed countries provoked a reduction in the level of inflation, especially in cases where inflation exceeded 6%. The study showed that the intensification of legislative activity can have a positive effect on stabilising inflation. Moreover, in many cases, after periods of intensified legislative activity, we observed a decline in inflation in subsequent years. Implications & Recommendations: Legislative activity can play an important role in controlling inflation. Policy makers should pay attention to the number and complexity of legal regulations, as intensifying legislative activity can effectively stabilise inflation, especially in situations where inflation exceeds certain thresholds, such as 6%. The results suggest that properly managed legal policies can promote long-term economic stability. Contribution & Value Added: The economic literature rarely discusses the impact of legislative activity on inflation in different countries. The article combines panel data analysis with a case study method, offering unique insights into the relationship between the…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: macroeconomics
  topic: keywords
subject: legislative direction
  topic: keywords
subject: economic growth
  topic: keywords
subject: legislative inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: E00
  topic: subjects
subject: N10
  topic: subjects
subject: O40
  topic: subjects
creator: Michał Niewiadomski
creator: Jacek Strojny
creator: Agata Niemczyk
creator: Zofia Gródek-Szostak
creator: Bianka Godlewska-Dzioboń
creator: Marcin Surówka
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Niewiadomski, Jacek Strojny, Agata Niemczyk, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Bianka Godlewska-Dzioboń, PhD Marcin Surówka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 37
ending page: 56
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.03

Sustainable business models in small and medium-sized enterprises: State of the art and future research directions
type: item
description: Objective: This research aims to reveal a conceptual structure of current literature related to sustainable business models (SBMs) with reference to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Research Design & Methods: We applied methods of bibliometric literature review to identify the most important topics and trends on sustainable business model (SBM) related to SMEs and discuss potential future research directions. Our dataset is built on bibliographic records from two important academic databases: Scopus and the Web of Science. We applied methods of social network analysis using the ‘biblioshiny’ package in the R environment. Findings: Our review shows that the recent literature on SMEs has a more direct linkage with the circular economy and its related constructs such as circular business model and innovation. The thematic evolution of business models in an entrepreneurial context shows an increasing interest in researchers of sustainable business models and circular economy. Implications & Recommendations: The findings of this research provide valuable guidance and a way forward for future researchers to pursue research on topics related to SBM for SMEs. An extensive literature review conducted using scientific bibliometric methods can serve as a reference to developing a better understanding of how the field of SBM and SME literature has evolved in recent times. Contribution & Value Added: This article is the first of its kind to use bibliometric data analysis tools and techniques to generate pictorial output that highlights the current situation in SBM and SME literature. The study revealed that most of the literature on the given topic is grounded in the European context, with a relatively small body of research conducted thus far in South-East Asian, African, Chinese, and American contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sustainable business models
  topic: keywords
subject: circular economy
  topic: keywords
subject: small and medium-sized enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: bibliometric review
  topic: keywords
subject: M160
  topic: subjects
creator: Binayak Malla
creator: Michał Zdziarski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Binayak Malla, Michał Zdziarski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 21
ending page: 35
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.02

Managerial psychological gender and its impact on selected corporate behaviours
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to determine the psychological gender of leaders of the fastest-growing enterprises and its impact on corporate entrepreneurial behaviour and social responsibility. Research Design & Methods: We conducted empirical, quantitative research on the leaders of companies from the top of the Forbes Diamonds List to obtain knowledge about their personality traits and behaviours that contribute to business success. Methods: survey research (n=150) applying Bem’s BSRI gender role questionnaire, the concept of entrepreneurship orientation and the basic forms of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We also applied tests measuring the statistical significance of relationships between variables (Shapiro-Wilk, Ch2, V Kramer). Findings: We identified three types of psychological gender culture among the leaders of the surveyed enterprises, the most numerous of which was mixed psychological culture. Androgynes (50 leaders) and unspecified cultures (46 leaders) constituted a total of 64% of the sample. With a few exceptions, there were no statistically significant differences in the entrepreneurial orientation, selected entrepreneurial behaviours, or involvement in responsible social activities of the identified gender cultures. Implications & Recommendations: Women can and should perform managerial functions in business and achieve success, provided they acquire instrumental traits in the socialization process. The combination of instrumental and expressive traits in a person, especially in a manager, increases their adaptive intelligence and the probability of success regardless of biological sex. The postulate of gender diversity in top management is justified but in terms of psychological gender, not biological sex. Contribution & Value Added: The research results show that the leaders of the fastest-growing companies have developed both instrumental and expressive features, which may indicate their high adaptive intelligence. Masculine culture diffe…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: androgyny
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial orientation
  topic: keywords
subject: social responsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: AI
  topic: keywords
subject: internationalization
  topic: keywords
subject: M1
  topic: subjects
subject: M5
  topic: subjects
subject: M13
  topic: subjects
subject: M14
  topic: subjects
creator: Wojciech Popczyk
creator: Alicja Winnicka-Popczyk
creator: Zaklina Jablonska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Wojciech Popczyk, Alicja Winnicka-Popczyk, Zaklina Jablonska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 133
ending page: 159
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.06

The smart village concept from 1.0 to 4.0 in the context of ICT entrepreneurship development in the Polish villages
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to show the development process of smart villages from 1.0 to 4.0, analogous to the smart cities development, along with indicating the conditions of this process. Moreover, the goal was to examine how ICT enterprises influence the development of smart villages at the 1.0 level in rural areas and what their connections are with other sections of economic activity (based on the example of Poland). Research Design & Methods: The study used statistical data from Statistics Poland (GUS). We used methods of cartographic presentation of data on the share of technology enterprises (Section J 62) and support enterprises (Section J63) in the total number of enterprises in rural areas in Poland, as well as changes in the share of these companies in Poland in 2012-2023. We analysed the enterprise structure in municipalities characterised by a high share of ICT enterprises according to the type of municipality (functional urban, border, and other). We used the network analysis method to identify ICT enterprises’ links with other economy sectors. Findings: The ICT enterprises have numerous linkages with other sections, indicating their key role in providing the ICT technologies necessary for the smart villages development. We also found that rural municipalities with the highest share of ICT firms located in close proximity to cities have a high concentration of firms providing business-related services and services to residents. In the border municipalities with the highest share of ICT companies, we identified a high share of the sections responsible for administration and defence, tourism, and agriculture, while a distinctive feature of the other municipalities is the high share of companies involved in transport and storage management. Implications & Recommendations: Among the actions to support the further development of smart villages, we identified the following: strengthening the links between ICT entrepreneurship and other key economic activi…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: smart villages
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: rural areas
  topic: keywords
subject: ICT
  topic: keywords
subject: smartification processes
  topic: keywords
subject: network analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: O18
  topic: subjects
subject: O31
  topic: subjects
subject: R12
  topic: subjects
creator: Hanna Godlewska-Majkowska
creator: Agnieszka Komor
creator: Patrycjusz Zarębski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Hanna Godlewska-Majkowska, Agnieszka Komor, Patrycjusz Zarębski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 119
ending page: 134
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1102.07

A thirty-year evolution of enterprise resilience research: A scoping review
type: item
description: Objective: The article presents a scoping review of the literature on enterprise resilience covering the last 30 years. Research Design & Methods: I conducted the research in a qualitative-quantitative convention. I based the research methodology on the requirements of the scoping review method, with the support of the recommendations resulting from PRISMA-ScR. I used a one-step logical classification method to create the categorization of the scope. To ensure the review’s comprehensiveness, I also conducted a visual analysis of the obtained findings, in terms of both scope definition and keywords analysis. Findings: The review allowed me to outline and categorise the scope of the literature dedicated to enterprise resilience. Of the 2117 publications searched, 454 met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, I identified 1727 keywords, of which I selected 128 for analysis. I categorised the texts qualified for analysis under seven scope categories and grouped the analysed keywords into twelve clusters. The largest percentage of the texts fell into the scope category called ‘building a resilient enterprise.’ Implications & Recommendations: I identified a definite shortage of texts on resilience strategies and mechanisms for measuring resilience, the proportion of which in the set of reviewed texts was far lower than expected. Therefore, these areas should determine the direction of future research. The results of the scoping review show implications for the development of theories concerning the identification of as yet unexplored research gaps and for applications in terms of providing a compendium of knowledge on good pro-resilience practices for enterprises across different sectors. Contribution & Value Added: This article is a contribution to research on enterprise resilience. Thanks to the adopted scope of analysis, the number of included texts, the methodological approach and the synthesis of results, it fills the identified research gap and reliably presents a co…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: enterprise resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: organizational resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: business resilience
  topic: keywords
subject: resilient enterprise
  topic: keywords
subject: resilient organization
  topic: keywords
subject: D81
  topic: subjects
subject: H12
  topic: subjects
creator: Sylwia Bąk
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sylwia Bąk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 93
ending page: 131
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.05

Analysis of the circular management model of information and communication technology resources of large enterprises in the European Union
type: item
description: Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the level of differentiation of large enterprises operating in the European Union in terms of the sustainable use of information and communications technology tools and to reduce the dimension of variables describing the circular model of managing information and communications technology solutions. Research Design & Methods: We used quantitative analysis, considering secondary data from the Eurostat database for 2022 from the information and communications technology (ICT) and the environment by the size class of the enterprise section. We conducted a pilot study using data from large enterprises from 27 European Union countries. We analysed data using the diagnostic-descriptive method, principal component analysis, MOORA method, and linearly ordered object grouping. Findings: The research results indicate that large enterprises represent different levels of circularity in the use of green IT/ICT related to the selection, use, and disposal of devices. Most entities operating in 18 European Union countries achieve an average level of circularity of ICT devices. Thus far, they have not included the reuse of ICT devices in the procedure consistent with the 3R circularity principle. The process of selecting, recovering, and recycling ICT equipment is carried out unevenly and in stages. On the other hand, the indicator of pro-environmental involvement displays low intensity, and in such a situation, the surveyed entities did not achieve the strategic goals assumed by the European Union in the field of circular economy regarding the selection and use of ICT equipment. Implications & Recommendations: The research results enable managers to develop circular business models by reducing the consumption of raw materials, waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy. They support strategic decisions on the transition from a linear model of ICT equipment management to a circular model. They also support European Union policymake…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: circular economy
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
subject: information and communication technologies
  topic: keywords
subject: green IT/ICT
  topic: keywords
subject: MOORA method
  topic: keywords
subject: M15
  topic: subjects
subject: O44
  topic: subjects
subject: F64
  topic: subjects
creator: Małgorzata Sztorc
creator: Konstantins Savenkovs
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Małgorzata Sztorc, Konstantins Savenkovs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 65
ending page: 92
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.04

A complex phenomenon of students’ entrepreneurial potential
type: item
description: Objective: This study extends beyond traditional research focused on entrepreneurial aspirations or cultural factors by proposing a universally applicable model to evaluate the entrepreneurial potential of both local and international students. It also aims to identify the characteristics of students with high entrepreneurial potential. By understanding these capabilities, higher education institutions can create more targeted and effective entrepreneurial education programs. Research Design & Methods: This study explores the entrepreneurial potential among university students. We collected the data from 1 554 students studying at the University of Information Technology and Management (UITM) in Rzeszów, Poland. The study identifies four basic dimensions of entrepreneurship (creativity, motivation, locus of control, and risk-taking). Thus, its results determine students’ ‘entrepreneurial potential.’ We measured the reliability of the constructed dimensions by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. We implemented a confirmatory factor to confirm the factor structure and assess the model's goodness-of-fit to the data. Findings: The study identifies statistically significant differences in entrepreneurial potential among diverse demographic groups and backgrounds. It highlights the defining characteristics of entrepreneurial students, offering a comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive student entrepreneurship. Implications & Recommendations: The research introduces the student entrepreneurial potential scale as a globally applicable tool and thus enables universities to assess and understand the entrepreneurial potential of their student populations. This allows institutions to design customized and impactful entrepreneurial education programs. Contribution & Value Added: The contribution to the literature is significant because of the UITM’s cultural diversity (one-quarter of students are international). The study included various demographic characteristics such…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurial potential
  topic: keywords
subject: students’ entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: business entry
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial decisions
  topic: keywords
subject: institutional support for entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
subject: M13
  topic: subjects
creator: Sarp Güneri
creator: Michalina Mróz
creator: Hakki Polat
creator: Tomasz Skica
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sarp Güneri, Michalina Mróz, Hakki Polat, Tomasz Skica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 29
ending page: 64
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.03

War-induced relocation of high-tech companies:Spatial perspectives from Ukraine and Poland
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to assess the scale and direction of the relocation of Ukrainian high-tech companies following the Russian invasion in February 2022, with a particular emphasis on comparing the relocation processes within Ukraine and those from Ukraine to Poland. The article seeks to identify the strategies, challenges, and outcomes associated with these relocations, offering insights into the broader implications of such movements for both the Ukrainian and Polish economies. Research Design & Methods: This study employs a mixed-methods design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. It analyses available data from official Ukrainian and Polish statistics and includes interviews with representatives from regional military administration offices in Ukraine, municipal offices in Poland, support institutions, and relocated IT companies. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis are used to assess the relocation processes, challenges, and outcomes. Findings: The study shows that the Russian invasion of Ukraine led to significant relocation of high-tech companies, representing IT sector. Western Ukrainian regions like Lviv and Zakarpattia became key hubs with 78% of relocated companies resuming operations. In Poland, Ukrainian high-tech firms constitute 7.1% of all high-tech companies, with Warsaw, Krakow, and Wroclaw as top destinations, however the concentration measures are the highest in regions neighbouring Ukraine. The relocation faced distinct challenges in both countries, including infrastructure in Ukraine and legal issues in Poland, underscoring the adaptability of Ukrainian businesses and various relocation strategies. Implications & Recommendations: The study highlights the resilience of high-tech companies relocating within Ukraine and to Poland. The presence of Ukrainian firms in Poland suggests opportunities for deeper economic integration, encouraging targeted policies to support innovation and collaboration. Contributio…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: relocation of enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: war in Ukraine
  topic: keywords
subject: high-tech enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: IT enterprises
  topic: keywords
subject: relocation strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: F22
  topic: subjects
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
subject: M15
  topic: subjects
creator: Agnieszka Olechnicka
creator: Anna Kniazevych
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Olechnicka, Anna Kniazevych https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 83
ending page: 103
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1102.05

Standardisation versus adaptation in international marketing of Polish companies operating in foreign markets: The case of Maspex
type: item
description: Objective: The article examines the application of standardisation, adaptation, and glocalisation strategies in international marketing, with Maspex Group serving as a case study. It analyses how Polish firms, exemplified by Maspex, navigate the challenges of foreign market expansion through these strategic approaches and evaluates their implications for organisational performance and brand perception. Research Design & Methods: We employed a case study methodology combined with a literature review. Data sources included corporate reports, promotional materials, and academic publications. We critically analysed key dimensions of international marketing, i.e., product, promotion, distribution, and pricing, and to assess strategic choices. Findings: Maspex Group effectively combines standardisation (e.g., brand messaging) with adaptation (e.g., localized promotional campaigns), implementing a glocalised approach. This strategy enhances brand recognition while meeting local consumer needs. Implications & Recommendations: Polish firms aiming for internationalisation should adopt a flexible glocalisation strategy, balancing efficiency through standardisation and responsiveness through adaptation. Investments in digital tools and cultural insights are critical for success. Contribution & Value Added: This article contributes to the field of international marketing by presenting a practical case of how a Polish company has successfully navigated the balance between standardisation and adaptation, offering actionable insights for firms in similar contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: standardisation
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: glocalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: international marketing strategies
  topic: keywords
subject: Maspex
  topic: keywords
subject: O01
  topic: subjects
subject: O30
  topic: subjects
subject: P47
  topic: subjects
creator: Paweł Milka
creator: Jakub Garncarz
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Paweł Milka, Jakub Garncarz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-03-01
publication date: 2025-03-01
starting page: 57
ending page: 67
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1101.04

Gender in acceptance of augmented reality in e-commerce: An international perspective
type: item
description: Objective: The objective of the article is to answer research questions about the role of gender in the significance of factors (motives and risks) affecting the acceptance of augmented reality (AR) technologies by young international e-commerce consumers. Research Design & Methods: The primary research method was a qualitative study based on six focus groups conducted in three economically, technologically, and culturally diverse countries: Poland, South Korea, and the United States. For the qualitative analysis, we used MAXQDA software. Findings: Regarding the role of gender in impacting the motives and risks connected with consumers’ use of AR technology in online shopping decisions, gender differentiates both motivation and risks. Implications & Recommendations: Regarding theoretical application, the findings show the significant role of gender and cultural factors as moderators in models concerning the acceptance of new technologies on the international market. Regarding the practical implications, it should be emphasised that adapting to the preferences of different demographic groups concerning gender can increase the effectiveness of marketing efforts and improve sales performance. Contribution & Value Added: The study stands out because it analyses a combination of factors that indicate gender, young international consumers, and the acceptance of AR technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gender
  topic: keywords
subject: augmented reality
  topic: keywords
subject: young consumers
  topic: keywords
subject: e-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: international markets
  topic: keywords
subject: J11
  topic: subjects
subject: M30
  topic: subjects
subject: O30
  topic: subjects
creator: Małgorzata Bartosik-Purgat
creator: Wiktoria Rakowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Małgorzata Bartosik-Purgat, Wiktoria Rakowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 113
ending page: 127
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1004.08

The counterparty credit risk appetite in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market
type: item
description: Objective: The article aims to study the selected approach used to manage the counterparty credit risk, namely the application of the pre-settlement risk limits in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market between financial institutions and non-financial counterparties. Since market practice differs in terms of hedging the same risk exposures of non-financial counterparties, the main goal is to identify and analyse key factors determining the risk appetite of financial institutions reflected in the pre-settlement limit amount. Research Design & Methods: I based the theoretical considerations on the literature analysis. I utilized secondary data analysis and desk research, in particular concerning legal regulations both on the European and Polish levels. It considers credit policies and the counterparty credit risk rules of selected banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange that offer derivative instruments for non-financial counterparties in order to hedge against specific market risks. I investigated all required information and data obtained and proceeded by banks for treasury limits. For this purpose, I analysed credit application forms and treasury limit applications. Next, I investigated the principles for managing counterparty credit risk as well as appropriate credit policy. A case study presents key differences in banking services provided for a non-financial counterparty willing to hedge market risks. Findings: I applied a holistic approach to the counterparty credit risk policy and identified key factors affecting the counterparty credit risk appetite within financial institutions, reflected in the pre-settlement limit granted to non-financial counterparties in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market. These determinants concern areas such as specific hedging instruments, given counterparty and financial institutions, as well as the regulatory environment. Implications & Recommendations: The pre-settlement risk limits serve not only to cover cre…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: counterparty credit risk
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-settlement risk
  topic: keywords
subject: CCR limits
  topic: keywords
subject: OTC derivatives market
  topic: keywords
subject: F31
  topic: subjects
subject: F37
  topic: subjects
subject: G15
  topic: subjects
subject: G32
  topic: subjects
creator: Piotr Wybieralski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Wybieralski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 17
ending page: 27
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.02

Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and students’ entrepreneurial intentions
type: item
description: Objective: The objective of the article is to verify the relationship between power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and entrepreneurial intentions among university students according to Hofstede’s national culture dimensions. Research Design & Methods: The study sample comprised 226 Polish students, whom we asked questions related to two of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, i.e. power distance and uncertainty avoidance. We developed binomial logistic regression models and tested the hypothesis based on the estimated parameters of these models in the subsequent step. Findings: The study showed that individuals with weak uncertainty avoidance are more likely to start their own businesses compared to those with strong uncertainty avoidance. Implications & Recommendations: The research findings indicated that traits associated with a culture of weak uncertainty avoidance promote the emergence and growth of entrepreneurial intentions. Therefore, in terms of education aimed at fostering entrepreneurial behaviour, we recommend cultivating these attributes within society by focusing the educational process on training creative leaders, individuals with strong mental resilience, and those willing to compete and enhance the world around them. Contribution & Value Added: The article addresses the research gap concerning cultural factors influencing entrepreneurial development, emphasizing the necessity for further research using larger and internationally comparative samples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: entrepreneurial intentions
  topic: keywords
subject: Hofstede
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurial determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: power distance
  topic: keywords
subject: uncertainty avoidance
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship education
  topic: keywords
subject: I23
  topic: subjects
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
creator: Krystian Bigos
creator: Paweł Milka
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krystian Bigos, Paweł Milka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-30
publication date: 2024-06-30
starting page: 121
ending page: 129
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1002.08

The impact of social capital on the economic performance of Polish family businesses
type: item
description: Objective: This article aims to examine how various dimensions of family social capital (FSC) impact the economic performance of small and medium-sized family firms in Poland. Research Design & Methods: This study employs a quantitative research design. I collected data from a sample of 196 family businesses. Structural modelling methods served to analyse the relationships between structural, cognitive, and relational dimensions of FSC and economic performance. Findings: The main empirical results indicate that cognitive dimension of FSC which includes shared identity, shared vision, and shared goals have a significant positive impact on the economic performance of family firms. Implications & Recommendations: It is crucial for family business managers to actively create opportunities for shared experiences among family business members and build a common cognitive foundation. It is also recommended to establish effective communication channels to ensure the development and maintenance of shared meanings and interpretations and development and acceptance of common goals. Advisory services and policymakers should highlight the benefits derived from strong social capital and recommend strategies to strengthen the cognitive dimension of FSC. Contribution & Value Added: The novelty of this article lies in the applying multidimensional FSC framework in the context of Polish family businesses. Since the research about family business social capital is treated as one of its unique resources, there is a scarce of studies how this resource works in the context of transitional economies such as Poland, and they are mainly theoretical (Popczyk, 2017) or qualitative (i.e. Marjański et al., 2019). This context is especially significant as many of these businesses are undergoing generational transfers for the first time now, leading to distinctive internal dynamics. Adopting the analytical method outlined by Carr (2011), this research implements a quantitative framework to analys…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: family business
  topic: keywords
subject: social capital
  topic: keywords
subject: performances
  topic: keywords
subject: PLS-SEM
  topic: keywords
subject: transitional economy
  topic: keywords
subject: G30
  topic: subjects
subject: M14
  topic: subjects
creator: Beata Żukowska
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Beata Żukowska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-30
publication date: 2025-06-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 26
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1102.01

Greedflation in post-pandemic Europe: Analysing profit share dynamics
type: item
description: Objective: The study aims to examine how the profit share indicator (gross operating surplus as a share of value added in non-financial corporations) responded to macroeconomic shocks by comparing its dynamics during the post-pandemic crisis and the global financial crisis (GFC). By identifying deviations from expected trajectories, the study explores whether we can partially attribute corporate profit behaviour in the post-COVID period to mechanisms associated with greedflation. Research Design & Methods: We studied the impact by examining the difference between the observed values of the profit share indicator during the crisis period and the values forecast using an autoregressive neural network model in a panel data framework. We utilised quarterly data from 16 countries covering the period from 1999 to 2023. Findings: In many countries, particularly during the post-pandemic inflationary phase, the profit share indicator exceeded forecast values, often significantly. In contrast, deviations during the GFC were generally weaker or absent. The results reveal heterogeneous patterns of profit dynamics and suggest that in some cases, corporate profits may have contributed to inflationary persistence. Implications & Recommendations: The findings suggest that inflation control strategies should consider not only supply and demand factors, but also profit-side mechanisms. Regulatory frameworks should monitor sectors where post-crisis profit margins increase disproportionately. Future policy design may benefit from incorporating profit-based indicators into inflation diagnostics, especially in periods of macroeconomic shock. Contribution & Value Added: This study introduces a novel methodology for identifying potential greedflation effects by applying neural network forecasting to macro-level data. It avoids reliance on firm-level markup data while enabling empirical detection of abnormal profit behaviour. By comparing two major crisis episodes, the article provides a ne…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: greedflation
  topic: keywords
subject: profit share
  topic: keywords
subject: inflation
  topic: keywords
subject: profit margin
  topic: keywords
subject: GFC
  topic: keywords
subject: post-pandemic crisis
  topic: keywords
subject: E31
  topic: subjects
subject: E32
  topic: subjects
subject: M20
  topic: subjects
creator: Agnieszka Drzewiej
creator: Mateusz Mierzejewski
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Drzewiej, Mateusz Mierzejewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-29
publication date: 2025-12-29
starting page: 57
ending page: 72
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1104.04

Empirical insights into the reduction of operational costs through AI: A study of Jordanian companies
type: item
description: Objective: I investigated how artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help reduce operational costs in businesses across Jordan. I examined the specific ways AI enhances efficiency and optimises resource utilisation, ultimately impacting financial outcomes. Research Design & Methods: I utilised a qualitative research approach, employing a systematic literature review and thematic analysis to examine how AI contributes to reducing operational costs. The review consolidates findings from academic and industry sources to identify key trends. I performed thematic analysis to extract insights on AI-driven automation, cost efficiency strategies, and the challenges associated with implementation. The study does not involve primary data collection or empirical case studies. The study offers recommendations to assist businesses in optimising AI adoption. Findings: Study identified key themes on how AI reduces operational costs, Key cost-saving mechanisms include automation, predictive analytics, and resource optimisation. Sectors like manufacturing, finance, and telecommunications reduce operational costs by cutting labour costs, improving decisions, and increasing efficiency. Challenges include high costs, training gaps, and implementation risks. One must address them to ensure successful AI adoption. Findings are based on literature analysis, and not on primary data. Implications & Recommendations: The research emphasised the need for Jordanian companies to adopt AI to remain competitive and boost profitability. Businesses should invest in AI training to upskill their workforce. AI requires integrating in areas with clear, measurable benefits. Partnering with AI firms can help streamline adoption and integration. Contribution & Value Added: This study presents a structured analysis of AI-driven cost reduction, highlighting how automation, predictive analytics, and supply chain optimisation enhance operational efficiency. Unlike broader studies on AI adoption, I specifically…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: artificial intelligence (AI)
  topic: keywords
subject: cost reduction
  topic: keywords
subject: operational costs
  topic: keywords
subject: digital transformation
  topic: keywords
subject: Jordanian companies
  topic: keywords
subject: M0
  topic: subjects
subject: M4
  topic: subjects
subject: O3
  topic: subjects
creator: Sulaiman Weshah
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Weshah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-30
publication date: 2025-09-30
starting page: 7
ending page: 16
doi: 10.15678/IER.2025.1103.01

Conceptual insights into the diverse pathways in migrant entrepreneurship
type: item
description: Objective: The objective of the article is to conceptualize and systematize the most relevant dimensions and issues of migrant entrepreneurship based on the literature review. Research Design & Methods: In the article, we applied a narrative literature review. We identified. relevant publications by indicating keywords that allowed for the selection of publications relating to the examined problem. We assumed an 11-year research period (2013-2023) and selected the Scopus database for the articles selection. Findings: The study revealed that although there are similarities among various categories of migrant entrepreneurs, they also display notable differences in their preceding circumstances, variables contributing to their success, and characteristics that moderate their outcomes. The study recognises and conceptualises diverse migration motivation (forced, voluntary, or next generation), and dominant embeddedness (home country, host country or international embeddedness) as factors impacting the key characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship types. Implications & Recommendations: The article suggests that customised assistance programmes are essential for various categories of migrant entrepreneurs, considering their distinct motivations and integration into the community. The recommendation is to develop focused programmes that target the individual issues encountered by each group, promoting both their assimilation and global economic growth. Contribution & Value Added: The significance and merit of this article reside in its comprehensive review of several categories of migrant entrepreneurship including transnational, diaspora, ethnic, refugee, and returnee entrepreneurs. It helps to develop a more nuanced understanding of these entrepreneurs. This framework facilitates the identification of various entrepreneurial trajectories and the distinct obstacles and prospects encountered by diverse migrant communities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: immigrant entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: transnational entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: diaspora entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnic entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: refugee entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: returnee entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: F22
  topic: subjects
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
creator: Aleksandra Gaweł
creator: Katarzyna Mroczek-Dąbrowska
creator: Agnieszka Głodowska
creator: Krzysztof Wach
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Aleksandra Gaweł, Katarzyna Mroczek-Dąbrowska, Agnieszka Głodowska, Krzysztof Wach https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 07
ending page: 22
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1004.01

Refugee entrepreneurship: Systematic literature review
type: item
description: Objective: The objective of this article is to systematically analyse the current academic research on refugee entrepreneurship in Europe and beyond. Refugee entrepreneurship represents a burgeoning area of study that has become increasingly significant following the European migrant crisis in 2015 and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. We seek to determine how studies on refugee entrepreneurship differ in their theoretical approaches and methodologies from traditional research on immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship. Research Design & Methods: The study adopts a systematic literature review method to identify and analyse key articles which discuss refugee entrepreneurship. We analysed the content of 75 academic publications to get a deeper understating of the research methods, and theoretical approaches, analysed ethnic groups, and destination countries and the key findings. Specifically, we explore how the current literature portrays the latest wave of Ukrainian refugees in the European Union. Findings: Our study reveals that research on refugee entrepreneurship is still in its early, predominantly exploratory stages. Most of the articles we reviewed were empirical, with a distinct preference for qualitative methods. A significant limitation of existing research is its static analysis; most studies were cross-sectional, which fails to capture the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial activities. Furthermore, our review highlights a clear dichotomy in the circumstances of refugees displaced within Europe – primarily Ukrainians and those from the Balkans – compared to those originating from the Middle East or African countries. Implications & Recommendations: We advocate for a more comprehensive approach to the study of refugee entrepreneurship, particularly through longitudinal analyses that can track changes within refugee-owned firms and the evolving attitudes of refugees towards entrepreneurship. We also recommend further investigation into the int…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Immigrants
  topic: keywords
subject: refugees
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: literature; review
  topic: keywords
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
subject: F22
  topic: subjects
subject: Economics and Finance
  topic: disciplines
creator: Jan Brzozowski
creator: Inna Voznyuk
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Jan Brzozowski, Inna Voznnyuk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 23
ending page: 39
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1004.02

How it started, how it evolved: Ukrainian entrepreneurship in Poland
type: item
description: Objective: This exploratory article analyses the entrepreneurial activities of Ukrainian immigrants in Poland from 2018 to the present. We examine immigrant and refugee entrepreneurship as part of socio-economic adaptation. Despite being the largest immigrant group, Ukrainian entrepreneurship remained limited until 2022. The article highlights three key events-the Revolution of Dignity, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Russian invasion-and their effects on entrepreneurial activity. Research Design & Methods: We used a mixed methods approach, focusing on three waves of qualitative surveys with Ukrainian entrepreneurs in Małopolska, Southern Poland. The first round (April-August 2018) included 32 interviews. The second round (May-August 2021) during the COVID-19 pandemic involved 20 immigrant entrepreneurs, including seven Ukrainians. The third round (May-October 2023) focused on 10 Ukrainian refugees. This qualitative data is supplemented by two large-scale surveys: one with 607 respondents (November 2021-January 2022) and another with 500 Ukrainian refugees (May-June 2022), both in Małopolska. Findings: Initially, Ukrainian entrepreneurs in Poland focused on mainstream businesses with limited use of ethnic or transnational networks. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted business but prompted proactive measures. Paradoxically, border closures increased demand for ethnic goods and services. Businesses established by refugees after 2022 now mainly cater to ethnic customers, marking the rise of an ethnic enclave economy. Implications & Recommendations: Our study shows that refugees benefit from an expanded ethnic market and ethnic solidarity when settling in areas with established immigrants from the same background. However, the key factor is Poland’s favourable entrepreneurial environment, with ease of starting a business. Poland’s laissez-faire approach, marked by limited social benefits, can support socio-economic integration, especially when refugees have immediate access …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Immigrants
  topic: keywords
subject: refugees
  topic: keywords
subject: entrepreneurship
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ukraine
  topic: keywords
subject: L26
  topic: subjects
subject: F22
  topic: subjects
subject: Economics and Finance
  topic: disciplines
creator: Konrad Pędziwiatr
creator: Hanna Smaliichuk
creator: Inna Voznyuk
creator: Jan Brzozowski
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Konrad Pędziwiatr, Hanna Smaliichuk, Inna Voznnyuk, Jan Brzozowski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 41
ending page: 56
doi: 10.15678/IER.2024.1004.03