“International Entrepreneurship Review” (IER) is a scientific journal published by the Centre for Strategic and International Entrepreneurship in close cooperation with the Department of International Trade of Krakow University of Economics, issued quarterly. The journal covers the results of research and exchange of experience related to the issues of both international microeconomics (firms as a research subject) and international macroeconomics (economy as a research subject), with particular emphasis on international entrepreneurship in various spatial systems of the global economy. “International Entrepreneurship Review” publishes scientific articles, among others, in the following areas: international business, international economics, entrepreneurship. WE DON'T PUBLISH ARTICLES BEYOND THESE TOPICS ANY MORE! We prioritize any articles on various aspects of international entrepreneurship! You are very welcome to submit your article into our journal. - IER has been indexed in ESCI Web of Science Core Collection since 2023 – starting from the issue 9(1) The articles must be up to 50 000 characters (including spaces as well as all necessary tables, figures, graphs and illustrations, the list of used references and any appendixes if needed). Articles not exceeding 50 000 characters are published free of charge (no article submission (ASF) nor article processing (APF) fees are charged), otherwise the article processing fee (APC) will be applied. We remind that all submitted manuscripts should not exceed the recommended size in accordance with established rules up to 50 000 characters with spaces (i.e. including tables, figures, references, author’s box at the end of the article, etc.). Each Table and each Figure must be recalculated to characters based on its space. Krakow University of Economics subsidises all articles in IER, as we do not sale the copyrights to the databases, so we have no profits at all. The average real costs of the articles are high and they include linguistic copyediting (65% of total costs), proofreading, DTP (setting), printing, postal costs. Additionally we have fixed costs for maintaining the website and database, human resources costs. We are still trying not to charge any fees from the Authors, but we kindly ask you to respect the maximum length of the submitted articles. Although no article submission or article processing fees are charged for preferred length of articles, nevertheless the fee for each additional up to 1800 characters (exceeding the first 50 000 characters) is 20 EUR + 23% VAT which is 24.60 EUR (or 105 PLN). The fee for additional pages should be paid to after the acceptance of the article after issuing a pro-forma invoice: in EUR: PL 19 2490 0005 0000 4600 4637 5105 (with the annotation: IER + your full name) SWIFT: ALBPPLPW in PLN: 09 2490 0005 0000 4530 8510 4422 (z adnotacją IER + imię i nazwisko). Bank details: Alior Bank Spółka Akcyjna ul. Łopuszańska 38D 02-232 Warszawa SWIFT: ALBPPLPW Name of the Recipient: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Krakowie /Krakow University of Economics/ Address of the Recipient: ul. Rakowicka 27 31-510 Kraków Poland This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. From now on, our journal content is published under CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) from 2023 (since vol. 9, no 1). By the end of 2022, we published under CC BY-ND license 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/)
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Artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms: Pioneering artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms for business
Objective: The article aims to demonstrate AI’s role in supporting negotiation preparations, especially in defending the starting position. Research Design & Methods: In the article, we applied a descriptive analysis, with a prior review of literature sources, comparison, and deduction. We based the development of the artificial intelligence negotiation algorithms (AINA) on a heuristic-synthetic method. Findings: We propose an algorithm for defending the starting position that not only structures the negotiation process but also provides practical semantic tools to effectively defend the offer and build long-term relationships with customers. Implications & Recommendations: The AINA algorithm not only offers an effective tool for present negotiators but also provides the foundation for further identification and development of advanced negotiation algorithms. The considerations presented aimed at providing business practitioners with insights into the integration of AI into negotiation strategies and starting a dialogue on the unification of such algorithms in future AI models that will be capable of conducting complex negotiations. Contribution & Value Added: The presented algorithm for defending the starting negotiation position, which combines the F-A-B technique (Feature-Advantage-Benefit) with the straight line persuasion (SLP) model, represents a novel conceptualisation of defensive logic in negotiations. It focuses on resisting premature concessions while maintaining constructive dialogue. This synthesis constitutes a significant added value and an attempt to address an existing research gap.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anna Odrobina, Wojciech Polan, Jowita Świerczyńska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Using guarantees of origin for electricity from renewable energy sources as an instrument for reducing product carbon footprint: A case study
Objective: The article aims to demonstrate the potential for reducing the carbon footprint of products through the use of guarantees of origin (GOs) for electricity from renewable energy sources, based on a case study of an energy-intensive company. Research Design & Methods: We employed regulatory source analysis and a case study methodology to evaluate the use of GOs within a company. Findings: The research results demonstrate that GOs can serve to reduce a product’s carbon footprint only for purchased electricity. The study also indicates that we cannot recognise such instruments in the cost of generating electricity produced using conventional fuels. Implications & Recommendations: The study highlights the regulatory and accounting consequences of the use of GOs. Our findings imply the use of a separate allocation method to ensure compliance with ISO 14067 and European Union sustainability reporting standards. Contribution & Value Added: The study contributes to the literature on carbon footprint reduction by combining aspects of renewable energy certification, legal compliance, and corporate sustainability strategy in the Polish context.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mariusz Andrzejewski, Patryk Dunal, Konrad Grabiński https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of legislative direction on inflation
Objective: The article aims to verify the research hypothesis that the impact of the number of government regulations on inflation levels in economies is insignificant. Research Design & Methods: The conducted analysis was quantitative and concerned the impact of the number of acts on the level of inflation in different countries. We used a case study method and panel data modelling to study the phenomenon. We analysed the number of acts and the level of inflation in 18 countries of the world. We divided the research sample into three periods: 1960-1968, 1986-2006, and 2010-2019. We used a random effects (RE) model for statistical data analysis. It enabled us to examine the relationship between the number of legal acts and inflation, considering the time factor and inter-country variability. Findings: The empirical results of the study indicated that an increase in the number of pieces of legislation in the analysed countries provoked a reduction in the level of inflation, especially in cases where inflation exceeded 6%. The study showed that the intensification of legislative activity can have a positive effect on stabilising inflation. Moreover, in many cases, after periods of intensified legislative activity, we observed a decline in inflation in subsequent years. Implications & Recommendations: Legislative activity can play an important role in controlling inflation. Policy makers should pay attention to the number and complexity of legal regulations, as intensifying legislative activity can effectively stabilise inflation, especially in situations where inflation exceeds certain thresholds, such as 6%. The results suggest that properly managed legal policies can promote long-term economic stability. Contribution & Value Added: The economic literature rarely discusses the impact of legislative activity on inflation in different countries. The article combines panel data analysis with a case study method, offering unique insights into the relationship between the number of pieces of legislation and inflationary stability. Furthermore, the study shows that legislation can be an effective tool for controlling inflation, something that has previously been insufficiently documented in macroeconomic studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michał Niewiadomski, Jacek Strojny, Agata Niemczyk, Zofia Gródek-Szostak, Bianka Godlewska-Dzioboń, PhD Marcin Surówka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Greedflation in post-pandemic Europe: Analysing profit share dynamics
Objective: The study aims to examine how the profit share indicator (gross operating surplus as a share of value added in non-financial corporations) responded to macroeconomic shocks by comparing its dynamics during the post-pandemic crisis and the global financial crisis (GFC). By identifying deviations from expected trajectories, the study explores whether we can partially attribute corporate profit behaviour in the post-COVID period to mechanisms associated with greedflation. Research Design & Methods: We studied the impact by examining the difference between the observed values of the profit share indicator during the crisis period and the values forecast using an autoregressive neural network model in a panel data framework. We utilised quarterly data from 16 countries covering the period from 1999 to 2023. Findings: In many countries, particularly during the post-pandemic inflationary phase, the profit share indicator exceeded forecast values, often significantly. In contrast, deviations during the GFC were generally weaker or absent. The results reveal heterogeneous patterns of profit dynamics and suggest that in some cases, corporate profits may have contributed to inflationary persistence. Implications & Recommendations: The findings suggest that inflation control strategies should consider not only supply and demand factors, but also profit-side mechanisms. Regulatory frameworks should monitor sectors where post-crisis profit margins increase disproportionately. Future policy design may benefit from incorporating profit-based indicators into inflation diagnostics, especially in periods of macroeconomic shock. Contribution & Value Added: This study introduces a novel methodology for identifying potential greedflation effects by applying neural network forecasting to macro-level data. It avoids reliance on firm-level markup data while enabling empirical detection of abnormal profit behaviour. By comparing two major crisis episodes, the article provides a new perspective on the structural role of profits in shaping inflationary outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agnieszka Drzewiej, Mateusz Mierzejewski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing entrepreneurial emotional intelligence: The development of the emotional intelligence in business questionnaire
Objective: The article aims to present the ‘Emotional Intelligence in Business‘ (EIB) questionnaire, developed using the four-component 4EI model of emotional intelligence. Research Design & Methods: The EIB questionnaire is based on the 19 competencies of the 4EI Model, which builds on D. Goleman’s mixed model of emotional intelligence. Its competencies are adapted to the business environment, and allow the identification of 4 components: 1) self-awareness (SA), 2) self-management (SM), 3) social awareness (SocA), and 4) relationship management (RM). One hundred fifty-eight respondents of different ages participated in the EIB questionnaire development procedures during 2020 and 2021. We validated the EIB questionnaire using classical test theory methods. We analysed data in MS Excel, SPSS, FACTOR, and R-Studio using techniques such as exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach’s alpha, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis). Findings: The EIB questionnaire demonstrates robust psychometric properties, including high measurement accuracy and internal consistency. It also features a distinct factorial structure. Moreover, the tool demonstrates meaningful and theoretically congruent correlations with N.Hall’s Emotional Intelligence Test and D.Lyusin ‘AmIn‘ Questionnaire. The EIB questionnaire comprises 40 statements, each rated on a five-point Likert scale. According to the 4EI model, the EIB questionnaire is a reliable measuring tool for building an entrepreneur’s EI profile. Implications & Recommendations: The EIB questionnaire allows the building of profiles of entrepreneurs and tracking the dynamics of their EI components: SA, SM, SocA, and RM. Surveys with automatic follow-up recommendations can be easily conducted with the help of the user-friendly chatbot ‘Emotional Intelligence in Business’ specially created in Smart Sender. Contribution & Value Added: This research offers a valuable tool for measuring EI competencies in the business environment. Based on individual EI profiles, optimising project teams and improving collaboration in entrepreneurship, including online projects, is possible.
four-component instrumental model of emotional intelligence
Emotional Intelligence in Business Questionnaire (EIB Questionnaire)
Copyright (c) 2025 Yuliia Fedorova, Olena Lutsenko, Anna Pilková, Juraj Mikuš , Marian Holienka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable business models in small and medium-sized enterprises: State of the art and future research directions
Objective: This research aims to reveal a conceptual structure of current literature related to sustainable business models (SBMs) with reference to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Research Design & Methods: We applied methods of bibliometric literature review to identify the most important topics and trends on sustainable business model (SBM) related to SMEs and discuss potential future research directions. Our dataset is built on bibliographic records from two important academic databases: Scopus and the Web of Science. We applied methods of social network analysis using the ‘biblioshiny’ package in the R environment. Findings: Our review shows that the recent literature on SMEs has a more direct linkage with the circular economy and its related constructs such as circular business model and innovation. The thematic evolution of business models in an entrepreneurial context shows an increasing interest in researchers of sustainable business models and circular economy. Implications & Recommendations: The findings of this research provide valuable guidance and a way forward for future researchers to pursue research on topics related to SBM for SMEs. An extensive literature review conducted using scientific bibliometric methods can serve as a reference to developing a better understanding of how the field of SBM and SME literature has evolved in recent times. Contribution & Value Added: This article is the first of its kind to use bibliometric data analysis tools and techniques to generate pictorial output that highlights the current situation in SBM and SME literature. The study revealed that most of the literature on the given topic is grounded in the European context, with a relatively small body of research conducted thus far in South-East Asian, African, Chinese, and American contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Binayak Malla, Michał Zdziarski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Employment and branch network effects on the efficiency of Polish cooperative banks
Objective: The article aims to evaluate the influence of the employment structure and branch network on the capability of large cooperative banks in Poland (possessing assets exceeding PLN 1 billion) to sustain an optimal equilibrium between operational efficiency and liquidity. This article also seeks to identify the causes for the declining efficiency of cooperative banks in Poland in recent years and to evaluate the possibility of implementing solutions to enhance this efficiency. Research Design & Methods: We used static panel models with data suitable for unit and time series analysis. The sample consisted of large cooperative banks operating in Poland (assets over 1 billion PLN). Statistical analysis involved diagnostic tests, collinearity analysis via VIF, and winsorisation at the first percentile to reduce outlier impact. We used Driscoll-Kraay standard errors to estimate the panel model. Findings: We established that a high number of employees in a cooperative bank can negatively affect the return on assets (ROA) and lead to an increase in the cost-to-income (CtI) ratio. Similarly, an extensive branch network can lead to a decrease in the efficiency of assets used (ROA) and an increase in the CtI ratio. On the other hand, a higher bank’s total assets-to-employee ratio is associated with a lower CtI ratio, suggesting improved cost efficiency. Moreover, banks with higher assets per branch achieve higher profitability (higher ROA) and better cost efficiency (lower CtI). Implications & Recommendations: The results of our study imply that optimising the staffing structure and branch network is crucial to achieve a balance between profitability and cost efficiency in cooperative banks. The solution to the problem could be employment restructuring, the implementation of process automation technologies, precise staff planning, and investment in the development of employee competence. We also suggest optimising costs related to the branch network, implementing modern technologies, and performing operational restructuring. Cooperative banks should strive to increase the efficiency of asset allocation. Contribution & Value Added: The article comprehensively analyses of impact of the employment structure and the branch network on the efficiency and liquidity of large cooperative banks, which complements previous research focusing mainly on financial aspects. We provided empirical evidence of the complex nature of the relationship between organisational factors and the financial performance of cooperative banks in Poland.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mateusz Folwarski, Michał Boda, Bartłomiej Balawejder https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Polish accountants’ readiness for sustainability reporting
Objective: The article aims to assess the attitudes of Polish accountants towards sustainability reporting (SR) as a new area of accounting and to self-assess their readiness to produce such reports. Research Design & Methods: We conducted the empirical study using a questionnaire addressed to Polish accountants by the largest professional organisation of accountants in Poland. We tested research hypotheses using quantitative methods, i.e., non-parametric tests and linear regression models. Findings: The study showed a correlation between the respondents’ declared interest in sustainability reporting and their level of acceptance of the inclusion of these reports in their accounting duties. The vast majority of Polish accountants rated their state of preparedness for sustainability reporting as insufficient. The results also indicate a correlation between the declared level of interest in the topic of SR and the perception of sustainability reporting as an opportunity or a threat for the accountant. Respondents who are more interested in the issue are positive and optimistic about the opportunities for the future of the profession arising from sustainability reporting. We found that women in the accounting profession are more interested in the topic of SR. Implications & Recommendations: The obtained results broaden and deepen the knowledge on the attitude of the accounting community in Poland to the obligation of sustainability reporting. On the one hand, they provide a diagnosis of the perception of the topic of SR by accountants and, on the other hand, clearly indicate the need for educational and promotional activities. Contribution & Value Added: The study fills a research gap in the area of accountants’ perception of sustainability reporting. The findings of the study enable accounting organisations and company boards to better prepare accountants for the new obligations imposed by the EU. The results broaden and deepen the knowledge of the determinants of Sustainability Reporting and the accounting profession in Poland.
Copyright (c) 2025 Stanisław Hońko, Marzena Strojek-Filus, Katarzyna Świetla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Globalisation and human development: Long-term evidence from countries at different levels of development
Objective: The main goal of this research is to assess the long-term effects of economic, social, and political globalisation on human development, as measured by the Human Development Index (HDI). The study also identifies how these relationships differ across groups of countries at different levels of development, using panel data econometric techniques. Research Design & Methods: The research used a balanced panel dataset, which included 40 countries grouped by HDI development levels across 33 years (from 1990 to 2022). The KOF Globalisation Index captures globalisation through three dimensions: economic, social, and political. The HDI serves as the dependent variable, representing the quality of life. The research methodology uses log-linear panel cointegration models, which employ common correlated effects (CCE) estimators and include a panel error correction model (ECM) to analyse long-run relationship dynamics. Findings: Social globalisation creates positive and substantial effects on HDI in countries at all development levels, including those with very high, medium, and low development, especially in countries with limited access to essential services. The effects of economic globalisation on different groups show no pattern of sustained change, and political globalisation benefits only high-HDI countries that possess strong institutional capacity. The research demonstrates that globalisation and HDI share a cointegration relationship, while developed countries exhibit both rapid adjustment and periodic patterns. Implications & Recommendations: The research demonstrates that globalisation produces varying impacts on human development based on the development stage of a nation and its institutional capabilities. Developing nations need to build stronger institutions and social services to benefit from social globalisation, while economic integration demands domestic reforms that include all segments of society. Advanced countries need to stay actively involved in global politics while developing strategies that suit their individual national situations. Contribution & Value Added: The research adds value to existing literature through its comprehensive evaluation of globalisation’s multiple dimensions on human development, which examines economic, social, and political effects in different development stages. The econometric framework used in this study addresses cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity while providing policy-relevant insights into the effects of globalisation on quality of life. A key novelty of this article lies in its differentiated analysis across HDI-based country groups, offering long-term evidence on how globalisation’s effects vary depending on national development levels and institutional capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dorota Kuder, Justyna Wróblewska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Empirical insights into the reduction of operational costs through AI: A study of Jordanian companies
Objective: I investigated how artificial intelligence (AI) tools can help reduce operational costs in businesses across Jordan. I examined the specific ways AI enhances efficiency and optimises resource utilisation, ultimately impacting financial outcomes. Research Design & Methods: I utilised a qualitative research approach, employing a systematic literature review and thematic analysis to examine how AI contributes to reducing operational costs. The review consolidates findings from academic and industry sources to identify key trends. I performed thematic analysis to extract insights on AI-driven automation, cost efficiency strategies, and the challenges associated with implementation. The study does not involve primary data collection or empirical case studies. The study offers recommendations to assist businesses in optimising AI adoption. Findings: Study identified key themes on how AI reduces operational costs, Key cost-saving mechanisms include automation, predictive analytics, and resource optimisation. Sectors like manufacturing, finance, and telecommunications reduce operational costs by cutting labour costs, improving decisions, and increasing efficiency. Challenges include high costs, training gaps, and implementation risks. One must address them to ensure successful AI adoption. Findings are based on literature analysis, and not on primary data. Implications & Recommendations: The research emphasised the need for Jordanian companies to adopt AI to remain competitive and boost profitability. Businesses should invest in AI training to upskill their workforce. AI requires integrating in areas with clear, measurable benefits. Partnering with AI firms can help streamline adoption and integration. Contribution & Value Added: This study presents a structured analysis of AI-driven cost reduction, highlighting how automation, predictive analytics, and supply chain optimisation enhance operational efficiency. Unlike broader studies on AI adoption, I specifically examined cost-saving mechanisms within Jordanian businesses, tackling challenges such as high initial investment costs and workforce skill gaps. The study offers practical recommendations for businesses and policymakers, contributing to the wider discussion on AI’s role in digital transformation and financial sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sulaiman Weshah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managerial psychological gender and its impact on selected corporate behaviours
Objective: The article aims to determine the psychological gender of leaders of the fastest-growing enterprises and its impact on corporate entrepreneurial behaviour and social responsibility. Research Design & Methods: We conducted empirical, quantitative research on the leaders of companies from the top of the Forbes Diamonds List to obtain knowledge about their personality traits and behaviours that contribute to business success. Methods: survey research (n=150) applying Bem’s BSRI gender role questionnaire, the concept of entrepreneurship orientation and the basic forms of corporate social responsibility (CSR). We also applied tests measuring the statistical significance of relationships between variables (Shapiro-Wilk, Ch2, V Kramer). Findings: We identified three types of psychological gender culture among the leaders of the surveyed enterprises, the most numerous of which was mixed psychological culture. Androgynes (50 leaders) and unspecified cultures (46 leaders) constituted a total of 64% of the sample. With a few exceptions, there were no statistically significant differences in the entrepreneurial orientation, selected entrepreneurial behaviours, or involvement in responsible social activities of the identified gender cultures. Implications & Recommendations: Women can and should perform managerial functions in business and achieve success, provided they acquire instrumental traits in the socialization process. The combination of instrumental and expressive traits in a person, especially in a manager, increases their adaptive intelligence and the probability of success regardless of biological sex. The postulate of gender diversity in top management is justified but in terms of psychological gender, not biological sex. Contribution & Value Added: The research results show that the leaders of the fastest-growing companies have developed both instrumental and expressive features, which may indicate their high adaptive intelligence. Masculine culture differs from the others in a greater, statistically significant, feature: readiness for fierce competition and a lower declarative orientation towards climate protection, safe products, and concern for the local community in terms of social activity. The leaders’ cultural, entrepreneurial, and social profiles have additional cognitive value. The results contribute to the development of the following areas: managerial competences, role congruity theory, the theory of higher echelons, and social/psychological gender in business.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wojciech Popczyk, Alicja Winnicka-Popczyk, Zaklina Jablonska https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A thirty-year evolution of enterprise resilience research: A scoping review
Objective: The article presents a scoping review of the literature on enterprise resilience covering the last 30 years. Research Design & Methods: I conducted the research in a qualitative-quantitative convention. I based the research methodology on the requirements of the scoping review method, with the support of the recommendations resulting from PRISMA-ScR. I used a one-step logical classification method to create the categorization of the scope. To ensure the review’s comprehensiveness, I also conducted a visual analysis of the obtained findings, in terms of both scope definition and keywords analysis. Findings: The review allowed me to outline and categorise the scope of the literature dedicated to enterprise resilience. Of the 2117 publications searched, 454 met the inclusion criteria. Furthermore, I identified 1727 keywords, of which I selected 128 for analysis. I categorised the texts qualified for analysis under seven scope categories and grouped the analysed keywords into twelve clusters. The largest percentage of the texts fell into the scope category called ‘building a resilient enterprise.’ Implications & Recommendations: I identified a definite shortage of texts on resilience strategies and mechanisms for measuring resilience, the proportion of which in the set of reviewed texts was far lower than expected. Therefore, these areas should determine the direction of future research. The results of the scoping review show implications for the development of theories concerning the identification of as yet unexplored research gaps and for applications in terms of providing a compendium of knowledge on good pro-resilience practices for enterprises across different sectors. Contribution & Value Added: This article is a contribution to research on enterprise resilience. Thanks to the adopted scope of analysis, the number of included texts, the methodological approach and the synthesis of results, it fills the identified research gap and reliably presents a comprehensive scope of the literature in this area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sylwia Bąk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the circular management model of information and communication technology resources of large enterprises in the European Union
Objective: The aim of this article is to determine the level of differentiation of large enterprises operating in the European Union in terms of the sustainable use of information and communications technology tools and to reduce the dimension of variables describing the circular model of managing information and communications technology solutions. Research Design & Methods: We used quantitative analysis, considering secondary data from the Eurostat database for 2022 from the information and communications technology (ICT) and the environment by the size class of the enterprise section. We conducted a pilot study using data from large enterprises from 27 European Union countries. We analysed data using the diagnostic-descriptive method, principal component analysis, MOORA method, and linearly ordered object grouping. Findings: The research results indicate that large enterprises represent different levels of circularity in the use of green IT/ICT related to the selection, use, and disposal of devices. Most entities operating in 18 European Union countries achieve an average level of circularity of ICT devices. Thus far, they have not included the reuse of ICT devices in the procedure consistent with the 3R circularity principle. The process of selecting, recovering, and recycling ICT equipment is carried out unevenly and in stages. On the other hand, the indicator of pro-environmental involvement displays low intensity, and in such a situation, the surveyed entities did not achieve the strategic goals assumed by the European Union in the field of circular economy regarding the selection and use of ICT equipment. Implications & Recommendations: The research results enable managers to develop circular business models by reducing the consumption of raw materials, waste, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy. They support strategic decisions on the transition from a linear model of ICT equipment management to a circular model. They also support European Union policymakers in developing legal regulations aimed at closing material and energy loops. Moreover, they provide guidance on the allocation of financial support to improve the level of circularity of large enterprises. Contribution & Value Added: The article makes a significant contribution to the development of the circular economy theory by developing an original indicator of pro-environmental involvement in the process of selecting ICT equipment and conducting a comprehensive analysis of circularity in the management of ICT devices in large enterprises of the European Union. The conducted research reveals significant differences in the implementation of the principles of the circular economy in the countries studied, constituting a starting point for further actions to improve efficiency and transfer best practices in this area.
information and communication technologies
Copyright (c) 2025 Małgorzata Sztorc, Konstantins Savenkovs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A complex phenomenon of students’ entrepreneurial potential
Objective: This study extends beyond traditional research focused on entrepreneurial aspirations or cultural factors by proposing a universally applicable model to evaluate the entrepreneurial potential of both local and international students. It also aims to identify the characteristics of students with high entrepreneurial potential. By understanding these capabilities, higher education institutions can create more targeted and effective entrepreneurial education programs. Research Design & Methods: This study explores the entrepreneurial potential among university students. We collected the data from 1 554 students studying at the University of Information Technology and Management (UITM) in Rzeszów, Poland. The study identifies four basic dimensions of entrepreneurship (creativity, motivation, locus of control, and risk-taking). Thus, its results determine students’ ‘entrepreneurial potential.’ We measured the reliability of the constructed dimensions by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. We implemented a confirmatory factor to confirm the factor structure and assess the model's goodness-of-fit to the data. Findings: The study identifies statistically significant differences in entrepreneurial potential among diverse demographic groups and backgrounds. It highlights the defining characteristics of entrepreneurial students, offering a comprehensive understanding of the factors that drive student entrepreneurship. Implications & Recommendations: The research introduces the student entrepreneurial potential scale as a globally applicable tool and thus enables universities to assess and understand the entrepreneurial potential of their student populations. This allows institutions to design customized and impactful entrepreneurial education programs. Contribution & Value Added: The contribution to the literature is significant because of the UITM’s cultural diversity (one-quarter of students are international). The study included various demographic characteristics such as age, employment status, degree level, and country of origin. The comprehensive sample allowed us to create a profile of a student with high entrepreneurial potential. Such a student is typically a 19-21-year-old, studying programming, full-time in English at the undergraduate level, originating from Kazakhstan, China, or India.
institutional support for entrepreneurship
Copyright (c) 2025 Sarp Güneri, Michalina Mróz, Hakki Polat, Tomasz Skica https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The counterparty credit risk appetite in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market
Objective: The article aims to study the selected approach used to manage the counterparty credit risk, namely the application of the pre-settlement risk limits in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market between financial institutions and non-financial counterparties. Since market practice differs in terms of hedging the same risk exposures of non-financial counterparties, the main goal is to identify and analyse key factors determining the risk appetite of financial institutions reflected in the pre-settlement limit amount. Research Design & Methods: I based the theoretical considerations on the literature analysis. I utilized secondary data analysis and desk research, in particular concerning legal regulations both on the European and Polish levels. It considers credit policies and the counterparty credit risk rules of selected banks listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange that offer derivative instruments for non-financial counterparties in order to hedge against specific market risks. I investigated all required information and data obtained and proceeded by banks for treasury limits. For this purpose, I analysed credit application forms and treasury limit applications. Next, I investigated the principles for managing counterparty credit risk as well as appropriate credit policy. A case study presents key differences in banking services provided for a non-financial counterparty willing to hedge market risks. Findings: I applied a holistic approach to the counterparty credit risk policy and identified key factors affecting the counterparty credit risk appetite within financial institutions, reflected in the pre-settlement limit granted to non-financial counterparties in the Polish over-the-counter derivatives market. These determinants concern areas such as specific hedging instruments, given counterparty and financial institutions, as well as the regulatory environment. Implications & Recommendations: The pre-settlement risk limits serve not only to cover credit exposure but also to support and enhance the entire market risk management process and day-to-day operations in financial institutions. One may also regard the implemented treasury limit setup, risk factors, margining policy, etc., in the context of competitive advantage that financial institutions may gain and thus attract more derivative business. Hence, it is crucial to recognize determinants influencing the treasury limit amount. Contribution & Value Added: Although the main analysis of counterparty credit risk concentrates on interbank operations, mainly due to their high systemic importance, the management of the pre-settlement risk in the over-the-counter derivatives market between the financial institution and non-financial counterparty should be considered in more detail due to its growing importance. This article intends to systematize knowledge on this topic. The case study utilising international and domestic experiences shows different approaches to mitigate financial risks. The question of which approach to risk management is more effective remains open.
Copyright (c) 2025 Piotr Wybieralski https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Barriers to the foreign expansion of small and medium enterprises: Example of Subcarpathian exporters
Objective: The article aims to present determinants of the activity of the small and medium enterprises (SME) sector. Moreover, we attempted to identify barriers to the internationalisation process and the degree of perceived difficulties in Subcarpathian SMEs. Economic literature devotes a lot of space to enterprises’ internationalisation processes. Numerous theories and their empirical verifications explain this process by analysing the activities of large transnational corporations. The emergence of a global competitive environment has resulted in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) being involved in the internationalisation process. Research Design & Methods: In addition to the classic literature analysis, we utilized a survey of internationalized enterprises operating in the Subcarpathian region. We attempted to identify external and internal barriers to internationalisation in SME enterprises. We evaluated differences in the perception of difficulties associated with the existence of individual obstacles in groups of enterprises separated by their size using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: The article presents the determinants of the activity of the SME sector in the economic process or their export activity. Research confirms that SME enterprises in Poland, as a rule, are characterized by low resource potential, which causes them to conduct foreign expansion in less advanced forms, mainly in the form of internationalisation of the sphere of exchange. Implications & Recommendations: The research indicates the main internal and external barriers perceived by Subcarpathian exporters. At the same time, they confirm the thesis that SME foreign expansion is mainly conducted in the form of exports. SME companies, often having limited resources while being creative and innovative, choose this very form, which gives them opportunities not only to enter a foreign market and gain experience but also to gain new contacts, learn about the requirements of the target market’s customers or become familiar with international business. Contribution & Value Added: It is essential to indicate whether they conduct the internationalisation process similarly or perceive the same barriers to entry into the foreign market. The variety of forms of the internationalisation process and the many factors determining it, create great research opportunities. Still, they are associated with difficulties in inference and give rise to the danger of using simplifications or generalisations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Katarzyna Puchalska, Agnieszka Majka, Patrycja Żegleń https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Greenhorns or old stagers: Is equity crowdfunding in Poland inclusive?
Objective: The article aims to indicate whether equity crowdfunding (ECF) in Poland is inclusive and whether the attributes of inclusivity influence the campaign’s success. Research Design & Methods: The research covers all ECF campaigns in Poland from 2012-2022. The data collection includes details on equity offers, the companies’ top management teams (TMT) structure, and crowdfunding campaign results. We implemented the ANOVA analysis to verify the hypotheses, and further, based on the data obtained, we built the regression models. Findings: Most of the surveyed entities are characterized by a lack of inclusive attributes. The dominant part of entities founded by ECF are companies located in Warsaw or the capitals of voivodships, managed by men aged between 31-59. Implications & Recommendations: The results show that there is no reason to believe that issuers who are gender inclusive will be more successful in ECF. Moreover, there is no evidence to reject the claim that the inclusiveness of the issuer measured by the age of the CEO can affect the success of the issue. However, the location of the issuer can affect the success of an ECF offer. Contribution & Value Added: Previous research on inclusivity has been conducted mainly in countries with high ethnic diversity. This research identifies the attributes of inclusiveness appropriate for ethnically homogeneous countries. Moreover, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of companies active in the ECF market in Poland.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dominika Kordela, Mariusz Kicia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of innovation in the internationalisation process of Slovakian businesses
Objective: The article aims to examine the relationship between innovation and export performance among Slovak firms. In particular, we investigated whether innovative activities, including process and product/service innovations, significantly enhance export intensity, and how firm size moderates this relationship. Research Design & Methods: This study adopted a quantitative research design to examine the relationship between innovation and export performance among Slovak firms. We based the empirical analysis on a sample of 292 firms, whose secondary data included measures of export performance and innovation indicators. The analysis employed both descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U test. We performed data analyses using Excel and Statistica. Findings: The empirical results revealed that innovative firms, regardless of their size, exhibited substantially higher export intensity compared to non-innovative counterparts. Specifically, small innovative companies exported an average of 19.34% of their total sales versus 8.33% for non-innovative ones; the difference increases for medium-sized firms (44% vs. 17.96%) and large companies (57.26% vs. 40.85%). Moreover, further analysis highlighted that firms implementing process innovations achieved markedly higher export sales, while those combining both process and product/service innovations experienced a synergistic boost in export performance. The Mann–Whitney U test confirmed that these differences are statistically significant, reinforcing the notion that innovation is a pivotal driver of international market success. Implications & Recommendations: The findings suggest that policymakers and business leaders should prioritize fostering innovative practices to enhance export performance, especially among medium and large enterprises. To capitalize on innovation as a growth engine, recommendations include increased support for R&D, streamlined access to funding for innovative projects, and the development of strategic programs aimed at integrating process and product innovations simultaneously. Such measures are expected to contribute to improved competitiveness and greater international market expansion for Slovak firms. Contribution & Value Added: The novelty of this article lies in its targeted focus on Slovak enterprises – a mid-sized economy – using a robust quantitative approach that integrates World Bank Enterprise Surveys data with the application of the Mann–Whitney U test. Unlike prior studies that primarily focus on larger economies, this research provides context-specific insights into the interplay between innovation and export performance in Slovakia, offering nuanced evidence on how different innovation types and firm sizes interact to shape international competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jakub Garncarz, Adam Michalik https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Kwantyfikacja przedsiębiorczości kraju z wykorzystaniem narzędzi taksonomii relatywnej: przykład państw Unii Europejskiej
Cel artykułu: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie i zweryfikowanie zaproponowanej metody kwantyfikacji przedsiębiorczości na poziomie kraju. Zaproponowana metoda wpisuje się w instrumentarium taksonomii relatywnej, a jaj egzemplifikacja zostanie przeprowadzona na grupie krajów Unii Europejskiej (UE26) bez Malty i Grecji. Metodyka badań: W części teoretycznej jako metodę badawczą wykorzystano krytyczną analizę literatury, zaś w części empirycznej metody statystyczne i taksonomiczne. Do ewaluacja poziomu przedsiębiorczości krajowej zastosowano miarę względną (inaczej relatywną, syntetyczną). Badanie przeprowadzono na grupie krajów Unii Europejskiej (bez Malty i Grecji). Okres badawczy to lata 2011-2016 lub 2012-2017. Wyniki: Wyniki badań potwierdziły zasadność stosowania miary relatywnej w tego typu badaniach. Takie podejście pozwala na ujęcie wielowymiarowości przedsiębiorczości kraju, jak również porównywanie badanych krajów i ich hierarchizowanie. W badanej grupie widoczne jest umiarkowane zróżnicowanie przedsiębiorczości. Najwyższy poziom przedsiębiorczości widoczny jest w Estonii, Holandii i Wielkiej Brytanii, zaś najniższy we Włoszech, Portugalii I Hiszpanii. Wkład i wartość dodana: Wartością dodaną artykułu jest zaproponowanie metody ewaluacji przedsiębiorczości krajowej – poziom makro. Dzięki temu dokonano porządkowania i porównania przedsiębiorczości krajów Unii Europejskiej. W literaturze odczuwalny jest brak tego typu opracowań empirycznych. Stanowi to tym samym wkład w rozwój badań w dyscyplinie ekonomia międzynarodowa (przedsiębiorczość międzynarodowa).
Copyright (c) 2019 International Entrepreneurship | Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa
Market and marketing within the concept of functioning and development of cultural heritage sites
Objective: The article presents the conditions, factors, and stages of development of the market orientation of cultural heritage objects. The author introduced a terminological distinction – the cultural potential of the object and its market potential. The market potential is understood as the ability to generate revenues from commercial activities (products and services). Research Design & Methods: The conceptual nature of the article determined the scope of methods used in diagnosing, analyzing, and synthesizing the phenomena and processes discussed. These were primarily critical literature studies, which usually limited considerations of the market role of cultural heritage objects to the cases of museum institutions and their tourist functions. Findings: Developing and organizing knowledge about the market concept of the functioning of cultural heritage objects, as well as indicating the main directions in the strategic marketing management of these objects. Besides, the paper points out the relationship between the cultural potential and market potential of historic buildings and outlines its significance. Contribution & Value Added: The presented concept of market orientation of cultural heritage objects breaks with the narrow understanding of the market of these objects and its only marginal role in generating development factors. The sustainable development of historic buildings should be focused on a balance between its functional goals (protection and conservation), socio-civilization goals, and economic ones.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Entrepreneurship Review (dawniej: Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa)
An attempt to estimate the competency gap in the IT sector
Objective: The aim of this article is to determine whether there is a gap between the demand for competencies of graduates of the computer science major and their supply. Research Design & Methods: Identification of the key set of competencies required by employers from job applicants and estimation of the competency gap in the IT sector was conducted using the method of exploratory analysis of job offers for positions related to the administration of IT systems. Findings: The results of the preliminary research shown that proposed method can be used for estimation of competency gap however it requires more experiments. Contribution & Value Added: Proposition of new method for competency gap calculation based on exploratory analysis of data available in the Internet.
Pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours of young adults in shaping the market offer in the international dimension
Objective: The objective of the article is to identify selected pro-environmental behaviours (along with their determinants) of young adults from Polish and Spanish universities and to determine which of them should be taken into account in shaping the market offer of modern international companies. Research Design & Methods: The basis for the conclusions was qualitative research conducted with the use of an online questionnaire. The survey covered students of Polish universities, from whom 540 completed questionnaires were obtained, and students of a Spanish university – 54 questionnaires. The analysis of cross-tabulation in various sections was carried out using the Pearson Chi-square statistics, the contingency coefficient and Cramer's V coefficient. Findings: Young adults from Spain less often than respondents in Poland believe that their lifestyle is environmentally friendly and are more critical of the intensity of involvement of modern people in pro-environmental activities. The positive opinion of Polish students about themselves does not correlate with their behaviour – they participate in protest marches or monitor the network activity of pro-environmental organisations less often than Spanish students. In the case of respondents from Spanish university, essential determinants of their pro-environmental activity turned out to be the following variables: “a source of income” and “a form of study”, while for students from Polish universities, these were “gender” and “a year of birth.” Implications & Recommendations: The pro-environmental elements of the product offer will be appreciated faster in the Spanish market than in the Polish market. At the same time, the offer with such elements will be more popular among younger people, women, and people from big cities. It will be easier to convince the Spanish community of the restrictions on using private cars in urban spaces. The pro-environmental elements of the job offer will be essential only for almost 20% of candidates from Spain and nearly 10% of applicants from Polish universities. Contribution & Value Added: Describing the intensity of pro-environmental behaviour of young adults from selected universities in Poland and Spain. Separating statistically significant relationships between selected pro-environmental behaviours of young adults from the Polish and Spanish markets and their demographic characteristics.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Entrepreneurship Review
Understanding academic entrepreneurship: A signalling theory perspective
Objective: The objective of the article is to apply signalling theory to explain researchers’ engagement with the industry and the barriers to collaboration. Research Design & Methods: A mixed-mode study was carried out among scholars to explain the role of signalling on academic entrepreneurial engagement. The links between signalling and entrepreneurial engagement were assessed in the quantitative part using a sample of researchers from Poland. Moreover, qualitative research helped identify additional forms and barriers of signalling, which were not considered in the quantitative part. The IBM SPSS Statistics and Atlas.ti software was used in the data analysis. Findings: In line with signalling theory, scientists’ signals were divided into three groups: individual and organizational characteristics, researchers’ actions, and third-party endorsements. Results show that the third-party endorsements expressed by researchers’ active involvement in professional organizations enhance entrepreneurial engagement. In the qualitative part the role of signalling through graduates and the problem of the signalling cost were identified. Implications & Recommendations: Signalling sheds light on university-industry relationships through a new lens, explaining the matching process and cooperation barriers. Stimulating collaboration requires understanding the specific language of signals used by both scientists and business partners. Therefore, this research calls for action to strengthen scientists’ communication skills, more frequent interpersonal contacts with business representatives, and communication of scientific and non-scientific competencies. Contribution & Value Added: The theoretical focus on signalling theory can advance the extensive research on academic entrepreneurship. This theory explains how actors are selected for cooperation and describes the mechanism of partner selection. It also enables the reinterpretation of previous research related to the characteristics and activities of researchers and their relevance for undertaking collaborations.
The UK-China economic and political cooperation: The Brexit implications
Objective: The research aimed to examine the strength and nature of the UK’s relations with China under new circumstances caused by Brexit. Specifically, this article attempts to answer what was the impact of Brexit on economic and political relations between the UK and its significant economic partner, China. In pursuance of the goal, the authors discuss the economic and political implications of a new status quo in bilateral cooperation in the field of trade and investment and the political aspects of Brexit for both partners. Research Design & Methods: We explored the UK-China relationship in the context of Brexit implications using a literature analysis and examined the strength and nature of economic relations between countries mentioned above using the trade orientation and intensity indicators. Findings: Brexit created a new landscape for bilateral cooperation between the UK and its partners worldwide. The long-term consequences of Brexit will continue to unfold in years to come, but we may already recognize some early trends in bilateral relations. The analysis of the UK’s trade orientation based on the historical data for the period 2013-2022 revealed the decreasing significance of Germany and the increasing position of China and the United States as the UK’s trading partners. Moreover, the analysis of trade intensity revealed the lowest trade intensity between the UK and China post-2012 compared with Germany and the US. Nevertheless, the values of the trade intensity index with China indicate that there is still potential to increase exports to China. Implications & Recommendations: The proposed set of indicators can serve to question the major tendencies of bilateral trade. Together, the indicators portray a comprehensive picture of interdependence and the strength of existing connections between two countries and help examine whether cooperation is strengthening or weakening. The orientation index identifies the strength and importance of the relationship with the trading partner relative to other trade relations’ significance and monitors the progress of the cooperation, while the trade intensity index can be used to determine whether the value of trade between two countries is greater or smaller than expected based on their importance in world trade. The analysis results will allow scholars to determine possible actions that should be undertaken by the UK and – possibly – the EU to develop trade and investment cooperation with China in a more balanced way. Contribution & Value Added: The article extends the knowledge of Brexit’s economic and political implications for UK-China bilateral cooperation. Furthermore, the article presents a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the current UK-China relations in the context of Brexit. We examined economic relations between the countries mentioned by means of trade orientation and intensity indicators.
Copyright (c) 2023 Luiza Kostecka-Tomaszewska, Monika Krukowska
Questing benchmarks for the current ratio: An analysis of the Warsaw Stock Exchange firms
Objective: The first objective of the article is to assess the benchmarks for the current ratio commonly provided in the accounting and financial analysis literature. The minor objective is to arrange a research methodology permitting the accomplishment of the first objective. Research Design & Methods: The paper, apart from the literature review and its critique, presents the results of descriptive, quantitative research. The research sample consists of 5 148 firm-years. Data were retrieved from Worldscope Database via Refinitiv Eikon for domestic, going concern, non-financial companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange from 2005 to 2021. For comparison, the U.S.-related data was retrieved from Internet resources as ready-made ratios. Methods used in the analysis include descriptive statistics, parametric and nonparametric ANOVA, confidence intervals, and linear and parabolic trend analysis. Findings: The tests show that identifying a benchmark for the current ratio is problematic. Benchmarks vary between countries and industries; universal standards do not exist. The benchmark for the current ratio commonly suggested, 1.2-2.0, may be used only as a rough evaluation of the desired value. The findings indicate that the acceptable range for CR is much broader, from 1.1 (the first quartile) to 2.3 (the third quartile) for the total sample. Moreover, the SIC division's quartiles vary from 0.7 to 1.2 (the first) and from 1.6 to 3.6 (the third). Statistical tests indicate that benchmarks do not vary annually. However, the distribution's median and the third quartile change slowly over time toward higher values. The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a substantial increase. On the contrary, the first quartile of about 1 remains relatively stable over time, indicating the reasonable lower bound for CR. The mean of the distribution is useless as a benchmark because of its sensitivity to outliers. Various techniques must be used to assess the benchmark. Implications & Recommendations: Since there are material between-industry and between-country differences in benchmarks, analysts and investors should be very sensitive to the standards suggested in the literature and interpret them cautiously. Variability over time exists but is low unless a shock in the economy appears. Contribution & Value Added: The main contribution of the paper is empirical verification of the benchmarks for the current ratio provided in the literature. Tests show that suggested benchmarks are not universal. Seeking a benchmark, an analyst must compare the firm's financial standing with other firms from the same country, industry, and period.
How to attract migrant entrepreneurs to peripheral regions? Evidence from Poland
Objective: The article aims to identify market entrance barriers faced by migrant entrepreneurs and reasons for the attractiveness of specific places when starting a business in so-called peripheral regions. Research Design & Methods: This article presents the results of a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews, for which 21 migrant entrepreneurs were interviewed in 2019 and 2020 in Opolskie Voivodeship. Findings: The findings suggest the respondents selected the Opolskie Voivodeship for business activities on the bases of socio-spatial embeddedness. Neither the entrepreneurial ecosystem nor the promising economic situation were identified as meaningful for starting or growing businesses. Implications & Recommendations: Drawing on the findings, the authors developed practical implications for policymakers. Attention should be given to tools attracting migrants to peripheral regions. Established migrant entrepreneurs in peripheral regions could be integrated into a regional attraction concept and make the local ecosystem more inclusive for this group of entrepreneurs. They may be turned into practice by giving them the right to member and participate in official networks of the economic development agency or the chamber of commerce. In general, the openness of migrants to reach out to support infrastructures for business creation should be actively addressed. Contribution & Value Added: The research fills the research gaps relating to the spatial dimension and the regional context of the presence of migrant entrepreneurs in the peripheral areas of Poland.
Copyright (c) 2023 International Entrepreneurship Review
Foreign direct investment as a pull factor of the economic growth in Ukraine in the period 2003-2016
Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the results of investigation of the interlink between FDI and the economic growth in Ukraine in the period 2003-2016. Research Design & Methods: Methods applied in the study are analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject as well as quantitative tools: descriptive statistics and linear regression. The GDP per capita and FDI inflow are taken into account in years 2003-2016. Findings: Many researchers relate the impact of FDI on the economic growth as the positive one. Basing on the literature review, the regression model was used to identify the behaviour of the interlink in the example of one developing country and the economic growth was expressed by the indicator GDP per capita. This paper highlights and proves the positive impact of FDI on the economic growth in Ukraine in the analysed period with the use of regression model. Moreover, the political instability has a negative impact on both FDI inflows and the economic growth. Contribution & Value Added: The originality of this research is in introducing and highlighting the importance of involving the FDI in Ukraine in order to reach speeder economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2018 International Entrepreneurship | Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa
Behawioralne aspekty światowego kryzysu finansowego w latach 2007-2010
Niniejszy artykuł koncentruje się na alternatywnym podejściu do wyjaśnienia zaistnienia ostatniego kryzysu z lat 2007-2010, jaki oferuje ekonomia behawioralna. Jego celem jest odejście od klasycznego modelu i przeanalizowanie wpływu czynnika psychologicznego na wywołanie, a także przebieg ostatniego kryzysu. W artykule wykorzystano zróżnicowany materiał źródłowy oraz zaczerpnięto z dorobku naukowego zarówno polskich, jak i zagranicznych autorów. Ponadto, w pracy podkreślono nierealistyczność założeń przedstawianych przez standardową ekonomię oraz ukazano potrzebę zwracania większej uwagi na psychologiczne podstawy ludzkiego działania oraz motywy i skłonności jakimi kieruje się człowiek w dokonywanych przez siebie wyborach. Identyfikacja i analiza zachowań, które wyraźnie odbiegają od modelu homo oeconomicus, a także umiejscowienie ich w czasach poprzedzających kryzys lub w trakcie jego trwania, bezsprzecznie pokazuje, że behawioralne aspekty ludzkiego działania odegrały bardzo ważną rolę w procesie ukształtowania się ogólnoświatowej depresji. Artykuł dowodzi, że nieuwzględnianie czynnika psychologicznego niesie ze sobą poważne ryzyko zbagatelizowania wielu zagrożeń wynikających z niedoskonałości ludzkiego umysłu, działania pod wpływem emocji oraz innych nieracjonalnych zachowań, których podmioty istniejące na rynku nie potrafią się ustrzec.
Fuzje i przejęcia jako strategia rozwoju firmy: przykład polskich przedsiębiorstw
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie fuzji i przejęć jako istotnych elementów strategii rozwoju przedsiębiorstw. Problemem badawczym podjętym podczas analizy było wykazanie wpływu połączeń przedsiębiorstw na pozycję podmiotów w gospodarce krajowej i zagranicznej oraz przedstawienie trendów fuzji i przejęć. Przyjętą metodą badawczą jest analiza ilościowa przeprowadzanych fuzji i przejęć, oparta na danych IMAA (Institute for Mergers, Acquisitions & Alliances). W ramach przeprowadzonej analizy fuzji i przejęć ukazano, że są to procesy powszechnie występujące, mające znaczący wpływ na rozwój i kształt przedsiębiorstw – zarówno pozytywny, jak i negatywny. Wykazano falowość zjawiska występowania fuzji i przejęć oraz na podstawie omówionych przykładów polskich przedsiębiorstw udowodniono, że odpowiednia strategia rozwoju jest niezbędnym elementem sukcesu tego typu transakcji. W stosunku do istniejącej literatury przedmiotu artykuł analizuje aktualne trendy i tendencje konsolidacji przedsiębiorstw na świecie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Polski.
Competitiveness of innovation-driven economies: Insights from selected European countries
Objective: The aim of this paper is to analyse the role of innovation in competitiveness development and to identify the most competitive European economies. From the perspective of contemporary challenges, the following research question will be considered: How innovations determine development of the most competitive European economies? Research Design & Methods: Besides employing critical literature analysis, the research methods based on quantitative synthesis will also be used. Interpretations are developed through an in-depth comprehensive review of different studies and secondary data analysis. Findings: The results provide valuable insights into how innovations determine development of the most competitive European economies. Measuring competitiveness relies on taking into account both supply-side and demand-side indicators. Based on the GCI both the demand-side as well as the supply-side innovation indicators were identified. Contribution & Value Added: The novelty of the study consists, on the one hand, in developing the conceptual framework for innovative competitiveness that contributes to the shaping of socioeconomic transitions and, on the other hand, in determining the innovation-driven factors of the most competitive European countries.