Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial attitudes among rural Tunisian women

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15678/IER.2024.1003.08

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the article was to assess the entrepreneurial intentions (EI) of rural women entrepreneurs of Tunisia and the factors affecting them.

Research Design & Methods: The study included a final sample of 308 women entrepreneurs belonging to rural Tunisia. Attitude towards entrepreneurship (ATE), family support (FS), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioural control (PBC), government effectiveness (GE), and risk taking (RT) were the variables studied for their possible effects on EI. We designed a structured questionnaire was designed to collect data on the variables of interest. We used a 7-point hedonic scale to collect the opinion of a respondent regarding the selected variables. We Applied a-PLS-SEM model using smart PLS 3.2 to the collected data.

Findings: Following a basic analysis-pattern, we confirmed the validity and reliability of the model using convergent validity and discriminant validity. Assessment of data revealed average value extracted score above 0.5 with a CR score above 0.7 for the fitted model which confirmed the convergent validity and composite reliability of the model. Further, analysis of discriminant validity using the Fornell-Larcker criterion revealed a greater factor loading at the own construct of an item as compared to its value on another construct which confirmed the discriminant validity of data. Structural model analysis showed a significant effect of ATE (β=0.31, T=3.2, p<0.01), GE (β=0.22, T=3.82, p<0.01) and RT (β=0.40, T=5.44, p<0.01) on the development of entrepreneurial intentions among rural Tunisian women. PBC (β=0.08, T=1.69, p>0.05) and SN (β=0.07, T=1.20, p>0.05) showed a non-significant association with the development of EI among rural Tunisian women. Although SN was non-significantly associated with a change in the EI of the respondents, it was significantly associated with family support and was affected positively by it (β=0.29, T=3.5, p<0.01).

Implications & Recommendations: The most important step for the development of successful entrepreneurs in rural Tunisia requires government support through effective entrepreneurial policies and programmes which will not only affect the development of positive entrepreneurial intentions but also will lead to the development of a better entrepreneurial environment for rural women of Tunisia.

Contribution & Value Added: This article contributes to the available body of literature on the subject of entrepreneurial intentions. Targeting a specific population of rural women in Tunisia, the novelty of current research provides new findings about the EI of those women who are rarely studied for entrepreneurship.

Keywords

entrepreneurial intentions, subjective norms, attitude, entrepreneurship, risk-taking, theory of planned behaviour

(PDF) Save

Author Biography

Dorsaf Maayoufi

Dorsaf Maayoufi Degree: Doctor of Management and Business Administration. Her research interest include Rural Development, Rural Women, Agribusiness, Female Entrepreneurship. PhD student, Hungarian University Of Agriculture And Life Sciences (Hungary).

Emese Prihoda

Emese Prihoda Associate Professor Degree: Doctor of Management and Business Administration. Her research Interest include Poverty, Deprivation, Internal Migration, Territorial Inequalities.

Viktória Kútvölgyi

Viktória Kútvölgyi (Degree In Qualified Teacher, Head of Public Education (2019, At The Budapest University of Technology and Economics), PhD Student, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (Hungary). Her Research Interests Include Health Tourism and Gastronomy.


References

  1. Ahmad, M.H., Shahar, S., Teng, N.I.M.F., Manaf, Z.A., Sakian, N.I.M., & Omar, B. (2014). Applying theory of planned behavior to predict exercise maintenance in sarcopenic elderly. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 9, 1551. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S60462
  2. Ahmad, S.Z. (2011). Evidence of the characteristics of women entrepreneurs in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Gender Entrepreneurship. https://doi.org/10.1108/17566261111140206
  3. Ajzen, I. (1985) From Intentions to Action: A Theory of Planned Behavior. In Kuhl, J. & Beckmann, J. (Eds.), Action-Control: From Cognition to Behavior (pp. 11-39). Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
  4. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/0749-5978(91)90020-T
  5. Ajzen, I. (2005). EBOOK: Attitudes, Personality and Behaviour. McGraw-hill education (UK).
  6. Al Maqtari, F.A., Farhan, N.H., Al-Hattami, H.M., & Khalid, A.S. (2020). Impact of country-level corporate governance on entrepreneurial conditions. Cogent Business Management, 7(1), 1797261. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1797261
  7. Antoncic, J.A., Antoncic, B., Gantar, M., Hisrich, R.D., Marks, L.J., Bachkirov, A.A., & Coelho, A. (2018). Risk-taking propensity and entrepreneurship: The role of power distance. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 26(01), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495818500012
  8. Ariffin, A.S., Baqutayan, S.M.S., & Mahdzir, A.M. (2020). Enhancing women entrepreneurship development framework: Policy & institution gap and challenges in the case of Malaysia. Journal of Science, Technology Innovation Policy, 6(2), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.11113/jostip.v6n2.58
  9. Audretsch, D.B., Keilbach, M.C., & Lehmann, E.E. (2006). Entrepreneurship and economic growth: Oxford University Press. https://econpapers.repec.org/bookchap/oxpobooks/9780195183511.htm
  10. Ayalew, M.M., & Zeleke, S.A. (2018). Modeling the impact of entrepreneurial attitude on self-employment intention among engineering students in Ethiopia. Journal of Innovation Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-018-0088-1
  11. Bank, W. (2013). The Unfinished Revolution. Retrieved from https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 658461468312323813/pdf/861790DPR0P12800Box385314B00PUBLIC0.pdf on August 10, 2022.
  12. Bank, W. (2022). Tunisia’s Economic Update. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tunisia/ publication/economic-update-april-2022 on August 22, 2022.
  13. Brockhaus, R.H. (1982). The psychology of the entrepreneur. In Kent, C.A., Sexton, D.L., & Vesper, K.G. (Eds.) The Encyclopaedia of Entrepreneurship. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=1497760 on June 3, 2022.
  14. Chambers, D., & Munemo, J. (2017). The impact of regulations and institutional quality on entrepreneurship. Working Papers 07629, George Mason University, Mercatus Center. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ajw/wpaper/07629.html on July 8, 2022.
  15. Chapelle, K. (2010). Non-profit and for-profit entrepreneurship: a trade-off under liquidity constraint. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6(1), 55-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0071-y
  16. Chasserio, S., Pailot, P., & Poroli, C. (2014). When entrepreneurial identity meets multiple social identities: Interplays and identity work of women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research, 20(2), 128-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-11-2011-0157
  17. Chipeta, E.M., & Surujlal, J. (2017). Influence of attitude, risk taking propensity and proactive personality on social entrepreneurship intentions. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 15(2), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2017.15.2.03
  18. Cynthia, A.U., Ameh, A.A., & Alabi, J.O. (2020). Perceived behavioural control and entrepreneural intentions: Emperical evidence from selected teritary institutions in Kogi state. Ilorin Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(2), 66-77. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344631349_ PERCEIVED_BEHAVIOURAL_CONTROL_AND_ENTREPRENEURIAL_INTENTION_EMPIRICAL_EVIDENCE_FROM_SELECTED_TERTIARY_INSTITUTIONS_IN_KOGI_STATE on September 11, 2022.
  19. De Bruin, A., Brush, C.G., & Welter, F. (2007). Advancing a framework for coherent research on women’s entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory Practice, 31(3), 323-339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00176.x
  20. De Vries, M.K. (1977). The entrepreneurial personality: A person at the crossroads. Journal of Management Studies, 14(1), 34-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1977.tb00616.x
  21. Dinc, S., & Budic, S. (2016). The impact of personal attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control on entrepreneurial intentions of women. Eurasian Journal of Business Economics, 9(17), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.17015/ejbe.2016.017.02
  22. Drine, I., & Grach, M. (2012). Supporting women entrepreneurs in Tunisia. The European Journal of Development Research, 24(3), 450-464. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2011.13
  23. Etzkowitz, H. (2002). Incubation of incubators: innovation as a triple helix of university-industry-government networks. Science Public Policy, 29(2), 115-128. https://doi.org/10.3152/147154302781781056
  24. Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75-93. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12065
  25. Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas‐Clerc, N. (2006). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programmes: a new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 109, 712-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.534
  26. Fernandes, C., Ferreira, J.J., Raposo, M., Sanchez, J., & Hernandez–Sanchez, B. (2018). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions: an international cross-border study. International Journal of Innovation Science, 10(1), 129-141. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-02-2017-0017
  27. Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting. Social Behaviour. Prentice-Hall.
  28. Forlani, D., & Mullins, J.W. (2000). Perceived risks and choices in entrepreneurs’ new venture decisions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(4), 305-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00017-2
  29. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. In Sage Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA.
  30. Gorostiaga, A., Aliri, J., Ulacia, I., Soroa, G., Balluerka, N., Aritzeta, A., & Muela, A. (2019). Assessment of entrepreneurial orientation in vocational training students: Development of a new scale and relationships with self-efficacy and personal initiative. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01125
  31. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (new int. ed.). In Pearson Education. New Jersey.
  32. Hair, J.F. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson Education.
  33. Hair, J.F., Ringle, C.M., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Partial least squares structural equation modeling: Rigorous applications, better results and higher acceptance. Long Range Planning, 46(1-2), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2013.01.001
  34. Hair, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Pieper, T.M., & Ringle, C.M. (2012). The use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in strategic management research: a review of past practices and recommendations for future applications. Long Range Planning, 45(5-6), 320-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2012.09.008
  35. Hair Jr, J.F., Sarstedt, M., Matthews, L.M., & Ringle, C.M. (2016). Identifying and treating unobserved heterogeneity with FIMIX-PLS: part I–method. European Business Review, 28(1), 63-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-09-2015-0094
  36. Henseler, J., & Sarstedt, M. (2013). Goodness-of-fit indices for partial least squares path modeling. Computational Statistics, 28(2), 565-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00180-012-0317-1
  37. Hung, N.T., Yen, N.T.H., Duc, L.D. M., Thuy, V.H.N., & Vu, N.T. (2020). Relationship between government quality, economic growth and income inequality: Evidence from Vietnam. Cogent Business Management, 7(1), 1736847. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1736847
  38. Indrawati, S., Herkulana, H., & Syahrud, H. (2017). Pengaruh Sikap dan Norma Subjektif terhadap Minat Berwirausaha Siswa SMK Immanuel II. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa, 6(12), 1369-1382. https://doi.org/10.26740/jim.v9n4.p1369-1382
  39. Jack, S.L., & Anderson, A.R. (2002). The effects of embeddedness on the entrepreneurial process. Journal of business venturing, 17(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3
  40. Karimi, S., Biemans, H.J., Naderi Mahdei, K., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2017). Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country. International Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 227-240. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12209
  41. Kautonen, T., & Palmroos, J. (2010). The impact of a necessity-based start-up on subsequent entrepreneurial satisfaction. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6(3), 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0104-1
  42. Kelley, D., Brush, C., Greene, P., Herrington, M., & Kew, P. (2014). Women’s Report. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. In: Babson Park, MA: Babson College.
  43. Kim, N., & Branzei, O. (2017). Divided We Stand: The Policy Bifurcation of Fields in the Aftermath of Critical Events. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2017.1
  44. Krueger Jr, N.F., Reilly, M.D., & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
  45. Law, K.M., & Breznik, K. (2017). Impacts of innovativeness and attitude on entrepreneurial intention: Among engineering and non-engineering students. International Journal of Technology Design Education, 27(4), 683-700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10798-016-9373-0
  46. Lee,C.-C., Wang, C.-W., & Ho, S.-J. (2020). Country governance, corruption, and the likelihood of firms’ innovation. Economic Modelling, 92, 326-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.01.013
  47. Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2011). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. Entrepreneurship Regional Development, 23(3-4), 187-215. https://doi.org/10.1080/08985620903233929
  48. Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. RD Management, 33(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00288
  49. Maio, G.R., Haddock, G., & Verplanken, B. (2018). The psychology of attitudes and attitude change. Sage.
  50. Malebana, M. (2014). The effect of knowledge of entrepreneurial support on entrepreneurial intention. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20), 1020-1020. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p1020
  51. Mas-Verdú, F., Baviera-Puig, A., & Martinez-Gomez, V. (2009). Entrepreneurship policy and targets: The case of a low absorptive capacity region. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 5(3), 243-258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-009-0112-9
  52. Miller, B.K., Bell, J.D., Palmer, M., & Gonzalez, A. (2009). Predictors of entrepreneurial intentions: a quasi-experiment comparing students enrolled in introductory management and entrepreneurship classes. Journal of Business Entrepreneurship, 21(2), 39-62. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net/publication/264551326_ Predictors_of_entrepreneurial_intentions_A_quasi-experiment_comparing_students_enrolled_in_ introductory_management_and_entrepreneurial_classes on July 11, 2022.
  53. Mujahid, S., Mubarik, M.S., & Naghavi, N. (2020). Developing entrepreneurial intentions: what matters?. Middle East Journal of Management, 7(1), 41-59. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2020.10026906
  54. Pals, S. (2006). Factors determining success/failure in business incubators: A literature review of 17 countries. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2-81. Retrieved from https://digital.wpi.edu/concern/student_works/ tm70mw628?locale=en on August 22, 2022.
  55. Pathak, S., Goltz, S., & Buche, M.W. (2013). Influences of gendered institutions on women’s entry into entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research. 19, 478-502. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260983696_Influences_of_Gendered_Institutions_on_Women’s_Entry_into_Entrepreneurship on Agust 08, 2022.
  56. Potishuk, V., & Kratzer, J. (2017). Factors Affecting Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Attitudes in Higher Education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 20(1). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319478767_Factors_affecting_entrepreneurial_intensions_and_entrepreneurial_attitudes_in_higher_education on October 11, 2022.
  57. Ramayah, T., Mohamad, O., Young, N.C., & Lo, M.-C. (2011). Testing dimensionality of the consumer ethnocentrism scale (CETSCALE): Assessing reliability and validity in a multicultural context. Australian Journal of Basic Applied Sciences, 5(9), 325-334. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/228467911_Testing_the_dimensionality_of_Consumer_Ethnocentrism_Scale_CETSCALE_among_a_young_Malaysian_consumer_market_segment on July, 1, 2022.
  58. Reed, R., Storrud‐Barnes, S., & Jessup, L. (2012). How open innovation affects the drivers of competitive advantage: Trading the benefits of IP creation and ownership for free invention. Management Decision, 50(1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741211194877
  59. Rostami, F., Hassan, S.T.S., & Yaghmaei, F. (2018). Applying Theory of Planned Behavior to Develop Family-centered Care, 2015-2016. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 47(3), 460. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5971189/ on September 15, 2022.
  60. Salem, A.B., Malek, A., & Chka, H. (2020). Profile of Women Entrepreneurs in Tunisia and Their Choice of Entrepreneurial Career: An Exploratory Study. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 28(03), 281-303. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218495821500126
  61. Salem, M.I. (2014). The role of business incubators in the economic development of Saudi Arabia. International Business Economics Research Journal, 13(4), 853-860. https://doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i4.8694
  62. Schwarz, E.J., Wdowiak, M.A., Almer‐Jarz, D.A., & Breitenecker, R.J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students’ entrepreneurial intent: An Austrian perspective. Education+ Training. 51, 272-291. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400910910964566
  63. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
  64. Shaw, D., & Shiu, E. (2003). Ethics in consumer choice: a multivariate modelling approach. European Journal of Marketing, 37(10), 1485-1498. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560310487202
  65. Sidrat, S., Amouri, A., Boujelbene, Y., & Boudabbous, S. (2016). Entrepreneurship in Tunisia: Obstacles. International Journal of Humanities Social Science Invention, 5(4), 60-67. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/332524060_Entrepreneurship_in_Tunisia_Obstacles on October 21, 2022.
  66. Solesvik, M.Z. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major. Education+ Training, 55(3), 253-271. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911311309314
  67. Tracy, B. (2007). The Way to Wealth. Entrepreneur Press.
  68. Tsuchiya, R. (2010). Neighborhood social networks and female self-employment earnings in Taiwan. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6(2), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-010-0143-2
  69. Urbach, N., & Ahlemann, F. (2010). Structural equation modeling in information systems research using partial least squares. Journal of Information Technology Theory Application, 11(2), 2. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228467554_Structural_equation_modeling_in_information_systems_research_using_Partial_Least_Squares on October 29, 2022.
  70. Utami, C.W. (2017). Attitude, subjective norm, perceived behaviour, entrepreneurship education and self efficacy toward entrepreneurial intention university student in Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317214147_Attitude_Subjective_Norms_Perceived_behavior_Entrepreneurship_education_and_Self-efficacy_toward_entrepreneurial_intention_University_student_ in_Indonesia on September 23, 2022.
  71. Vallerand, R.J., Deshaies, P., Cuerrier, J.-P., Pelletier, L.G., & Mongeau, C. (1992). Ajzen and Fishbein’s theory of reasoned action as applied to moral behavior: A confirmatory analysis. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 62(1), 98. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.1.98
  72. Van Horne, C., Huang, V., & Al Awad, M. (2011). Global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) report on entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates, Zayed University. Retrieved from https://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/research/_publications/_books_reports/2011/2011%20gem%20report%20on%20entrepreneurshio%20in%20the%20uae.pdf on October 11, 2022.
  73. Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I., & Van der Zwan, P. (2012). Explaining preferences and actual involvement in self-employment: Gender and the entrepreneurial personality. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 325-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.02.009
  74. Vinzi, V.E., Trinchera, L., & Amato, S. (2010). PLS path modeling: from foundations to recent developments and open issues for model assessment and improvement. Handbook of Partial Least Squares, 47-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32827-8_3
  75. Wakaisuka-Isingoma, J., Aduda, J., Wainaina, G., & Mwangi, C.I. (2016). Corporate governance, firm characteristics, external environment and performance of financial institutions in Uganda: A review of literature. Cogent Business Management, 3(1), 1261526. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2016.1261526
  76. Wardana, L.W., Narmaditya, B.S., Wibowo, A., Saraswati, T.T., & Indriani, R. (2021). Drivers of entrepreneurial intention among economics students in Indonesia. Entrepreneurial Business Economics Review, 9(1), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.15678/EBER.2021.090104
  77. Wijaya, T. (2008). Kajian model empiris perilaku berwirausaha UKM DIY dan Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Manajemen Dan Kewirausahaan, 10(2), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmk.10.2.pp.%2093-104
  78. Wiklund, J., & Shepherd, D. (2005). Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: a configurational approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 20(1), 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.01.001
  79. Yousaf, U., Shamim, A., Siddiqui, H., & Raina, M. (2015). Studying the influence of entrepreneurial attributes, subjective norms and perceived desirability on entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-03-2014-0005
  80. Yusof, M., & Jain, K.K. (2010). Categories of university-level entrepreneurship: a literature survey. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6(1), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-007-0072-x
  81. Zampetakis, L.A., Kafetsios, K., Bouranta, N., Dewett, T., & Moustakis, V.S. (2009). On the relationship between emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial attitudes and intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior Research. 15(6), 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550910995452
  82. Zhang, P., Wang, D.D., & Owen, C.L. (2015). A study of entrepreneurial intention of university students. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0004

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

101-110 of 132

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.