Refugee entrepreneurship: Systematic literature review

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this article is to systematically analyse the current academic research on refugee entrepreneurship in Europe and beyond. Refugee entrepreneurship represents a burgeoning area of study that has become increasingly significant following the European migrant crisis in 2015 and the full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. We seek to determine how studies on refugee entrepreneurship differ in their theoretical approaches and methodologies from traditional research on immigrant and ethnic entrepreneurship.

Research Design & Methods: The study adopts a systematic literature review method to identify and analyse key articles which discuss refugee entrepreneurship. We analysed the content of 75 academic publications to get a deeper understating of the research methods, and theoretical approaches, analysed ethnic groups, and destination countries and the key findings. Specifically, we explore how the current literature portrays the latest wave of Ukrainian refugees in the European Union.

Findings: Our study reveals that research on refugee entrepreneurship is still in its early, predominantly exploratory stages. Most of the articles we reviewed were empirical, with a distinct preference for qualitative methods. A significant limitation of existing research is its static analysis; most studies were cross-sectional, which fails to capture the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial activities. Furthermore, our review highlights a clear dichotomy in the circumstances of refugees displaced within Europe – primarily Ukrainians and those from the Balkans – compared to those originating from the Middle East or African countries.

Implications & Recommendations: We advocate for a more comprehensive approach to the study of refugee entrepreneurship, particularly through longitudinal analyses that can track changes within refugee-owned firms and the evolving attitudes of refugees towards entrepreneurship. We also recommend further investigation into the interactions between refugees and economic migrants, especially those from the same country or those who speak a similar language and share cultural ties. Such interactions could influence the evolution of opportunity structures in the destination countries, potentially leading to the creation of ethnic enclaves.

Contribution & Value Added: We contribute to the existing literature on refugee entrepreneurship by identifying key researchers and most cited articles, and by discussing the evolution and adaptation of the most popular theoretical approaches used in these studies.

Keywords

Immigrants, refugees, entrepreneurship, literature; review

Author Biography

Jan Brzozowski

Associate Professor at Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland, at the Institute of European Studies. His research interests include immigrant & refugee entrepreneurship, labour market performance of migrants, social remittances, immigrant transnationalism.

Inna Voznnyuk

Doctoral student at Jagiellonian Centre for Migration Studies. Her research interests include: migration of specialists, socio-economic integration of migrants, entrepreneurship of migrants and refugees.

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