Vol. 10 No. 4 (2024)
December 2024

Articles

An intersectional perspective on the entrepreneurial intention of female Ukrainian migrants and refugees

Published 2024-12-01

  • Jolanta Maj
    • ,
  • Alexandra David
    • ,
  • Aneta Hamza-Orlinska
    • ,
  • Maciej Filipowicz
    • ,
  • Sabina Kubiciel-Lodzińska

Jolanta Maj
Wrocław University of Science and Technology

Alexandra David
Westphalian University Gelsenkirchen, Institute for Work and Technology

Aneta Hamza-Orlinska
EM Normandie Business School

Maciej Filipowicz
Opole University

Sabina Kubiciel-Lodzińska
Opole University of Technology

Abstract

Objective: The objective of the article is to examine potential variations among migrants from Ukraine concerning their entrepreneurial intention, considering the nature of migration (economic or forced) and their motherhood.

Research Design & Methods: In May 2023, a quantitative study surveyed 404 Ukrainian women in Poland. Utilising a research panel enabled longitudinal analysis, which is particularly valuable in migration studies aiming to grasp the entrepreneurial intentions of female Ukrainian migrants and refugees. The study unveiled demographic disparities between the two groups, encompassing migrant and parental status.

Findings: Pre-war migrant women exhibit higher entrepreneurial intentions compared to female refugees. Motherhood significantly influences the entrepreneurial intentions of both groups, particularly among women with children under 3. We observed correlations between parental status and entrepreneurial intentions. Migration’s voluntary or involuntary nature significantly impacts these aspirations.

Implications & Recommendations: There’s a need for inclusive startup ecosystems for female migrants, requiring targeted programs to address language barriers and cultural adaptation and improve access to education, employment and childcare. Entrepreneurship support needs to be catered to on demand. An intersectional approach is crucial to address their unique circumstances.

Contribution & Value Added: The intersectional approach, which examines not only the entrepreneurial intentions among women but also their migration status (voluntary/involuntary) and parental status, is novel.

Keywords

entrepreneurial intention, intersectionality, female migrants, female refugees, motherhood

(PDF) Save

Author Biography

Jolanta Maj

PhD in political science (2014, Willy Brandt Center for German and European Studies University of Wrocław). Assistant professor at the Wrocław University of Science and Technology (Poland). Her research interests include diversity management and inclusion and their impact on business innovation and efficiency.

Alexandra David

PhD in sociology (2015, University of Twente in Enschede, the Netherlands). Senior Researcher at the West-phalian University Gelsenkirchen, Institute for Work and Technology (IAT) and lecturer at the Ruhr-University Bochum (Germany). Here, her research questions focus on diversity, migration, innovation, and integration, with a special focus on migrant and refugee entrepreneurship.

Aneta Hamza-Orlinska

Assistant Professor in Human Resource Management. She joined EM Normandie in 2021. She has a PhD in management from the Université Paris-Dauphine-PSL, awarded in 2019. Her research interests are diversity and inclusion, and the transfer of human resource management practices from multinational companies to their subsidiaries in Europe. Prior to joining EM Normandie, she worked in Trinity Business School, Dublin Business School and Paris-East Créteil University.

Maciej Filipowicz

PhD in social sciences (2015, University of Silesia in Katowice). An employee of the Opolskie Labour Office, and an associate of Opole University. His research interests are related to socio-cultural determinants of labour market participation (unemployment and employment), migration and social exclusion.

Sabina Kubiciel-Lodzińska

PhD in economics (2010, Wrocław University of Economics and Business). Assistant professor at the Opole University of Technology (Poland). Her research interests include economic migration, migrant entrepreneurship and the inclusion of refuges and migrants in the labour market.

References

  1. Abebe, S.A. (2023). Refugee entrepreneurship: Systematic and thematic analyses and a research agenda. Small Business Economics, 60, 315-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00636-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-022-00636-3
  2. Acker, J. (2006). Inequality Regimes – Gender, Class, and Race in Organizations. Gender & Society, 20(4), 441-464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243206289499
  3. Acker, J. (2012). Gendered organizations and intersectionality: problems and possibilities. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 31(3), 214-224. https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211209072 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02610151211209072
  4. Almohammad, D., Durrah, O., Alkhalaf, T., & Rashid, M. (2021). Entrepreneurship in crisis: The determinants of Syrian refugees’ entrepreneurial intentions in Turkey. Sustainability, 13(15), 8602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158602 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158602
  5. Andrejuk, K. (2018). Entrepreneurial strategies as a response to discrimination: Experience of Ukrainian women in Poland from the intersectional perspective. Anthropological Notebooks, 24(3), 25-40.
  6. Apitzsch, U., & Kontos, M. (2003). Self-Employment, gender and migration. International Review of Sociology, 13(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/0390670032000086989 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0390670032000086989
  7. Benova, Z., & Brockova, K. (2022). Factors affecting migration destination choices of international migrant workers in Slovakia. Geographia Cassoviensis, 16(2), 113-129. https://doi.org/10.33542/gc2022-2-03 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33542/GC2022-2-03
  8. Bernard, W.S. (1976). Immigrants and Refugees – Their Similarities, Differences, and Needs. International Migration, 14(4), 267-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1976.tb00947.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1976.tb00947.x
  9. Bird, B.J. (1988). Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-453. https://doi.org/10.2307/258091 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/258091
  10. Bird, B.J., & Jelinek, M. (1989). The Operation of Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258788013002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/104225878801300205
  11. Bonjour, S., & Duyvendak, J.W. (2020). The “migrant with poor prospects”: racialized intersections of class and culture in Dutch civic integration debates. In Migration and race in Europe (pp. 104-122). Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429435379-7
  12. Bond, J. (2021). Global Intersectionality and Contemporary Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868835.001.0001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198868835.001.0001
  13. Bullough, A., Guelich, U., Manolova, T.S., & Schjoedt, L. (2022). Women’s entrepreneurship and culture: gender role expectations and identities, societal culture, and the entrepreneurial environment. Small Business Economics, 58(2), 985-996. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00429-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-020-00429-6
  14. Calás, B., Ou, H., & Smircich, L. (2013). Woman’ on the Move: Mobile Subjectivities after Intersectionality. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 32(8), 708-731. https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2012-0037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EDI-05-2012-0037
  15. Carastathis, A. (2016). Intersectionality. Origins, Contestations, Horizons. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1fzhfz8
  16. Carter, S., Mwaura, S., Ram, M., Trehan, K., & Jones, T. (2015). Barriers to ethnic minority and women’s enterprise: existing evidence, policy tensions and unsettled questions. International Small Business Journal, 33(1), 49-69. https://doi.org/10.1177/02662426145568 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242614556823
  17. Clarke, A., & McCall, L. (2014). Intersectionality and Social Explanation in Social Science Research. Cambridge University Press, London.
  18. Collins, P.H. (1990). Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.
  19. Crenshaw, K.W. (1991). Mapping the margins: intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of colour. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 241-299. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/1229039 on April 1, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
  20. CSO (2023). Mieszkańcy Ukrainy objęci ochroną czasową. Retrieved from https://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5471/19/1/1/mieszkancy_ukrainy_objeci_ochrona_czasowa.pdf on April 5, 2024.
  21. Dang, C., & Harima, A. (2020). Dual embeddedness and entrepreneurial activities of second-generation ethnic entrepreneurs: multiple case studies with Vietnamese entrepreneurs in Germany. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 6(1), 84-113. https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957519887 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2393957519887554
  22. David A., & Zaghow, L. (forthcoming), What is refugee entrepreneurship? Reflections for a growing field. In N. Ranabahu, H.P. de Vries & R.T. Hamilton (Eds.), Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Research Companion (Section 1). Routledge.
  23. David, A., & Terstriep, J. (2023). Transformational Hubs for Recognised Refugees – Policy Recommendations by the Enter to Transform Project. Gelsenkirchen: Institute for Work and Technology, 6. Gelsenkirchen: Institut Arbeit und Technik. https://doi.org/10.53190/inno/202301
  24. David, A., Terstriep, J., Schäfer, S., & Schmidt, A.G. (2024). An intersectional perspective on the impacts and responses of entrepreneurs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 14657503241258933. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14657503241258933
  25. De Luca, D., & Ambrosini, M. (2019). Female immigrant entrepreneurs: more than a family strategy. International Migration, 57(5), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12564 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12564
  26. Dębkowska, K., Kłosiewicz-Górecka, U., Szymańska, A., Wejt-Knyżewska, A., & Zybertowicz, K. (2024). Polacy o cudzoziemcach na rynku pracy – fakty, mity, opinie. Warszawa: Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny.
  27. Due, C., Callaghan, P., Reilly, A., Flavel, J., & Ziersch, A. (2021). Employment for women with refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds in Australia: An overview of workforce participation and available support programmes. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12848
  28. Fasani, F., Frattini, T., & Minale, L. (2021). Lift the ban? Initial employment restrictions and refugee labour market outcomes. Journal of the European Economic Association, 19(5), 2803-2854. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab021
  29. Fazel, M., Wheeler, J., & Danesh, J. (2005). Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet, 365(9467), 1309-1314. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)61027-6
  30. García, A.C., & Villares-Varela, M. (2023). Contesting the boundaries of marianismo and entrepreneurial identity: meanings of motherhood amongst Latin American migrant women entrepreneurs. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 15(2), 149-169. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijge-06-2022-0102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-06-2022-0102
  31. Garland McKinney, J.L., & Meinersmann L.M. (2022). The cost of intersectionality: Motherhood, mental health, and the state of the country. Journal of Social Issues, 79, 596-616. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12539
  32. Górny, A., & van der Zwan, R. (2024). Mobility and labor market trajectories of Ukrainian migrants to Poland in the context of the 2014 Russian invasion of Ukraine. European Societies, 26(2), 438-468. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2298425 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2023.2298425
  33. Grant, J., & Guerin, P.B. (2019). Motherhood as Identity: African Refugee Single Mothers Working the Intersections. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(4), 583-604. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey049
  34. Grandy, G., Cukier, W., & Gagnon, S. (2020). (In)visibility in the margins: COVID-19, women entrepreneurs and the need for inclusive recovery. Gender in Management: An International Journal 35(7/8), 667-675. https://doi.org/10.1108/gm-07-2020-0207 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0207
  35. Heydari, M., Zhou, X., Keung Lai, K., & Shang, Y. (2020). Entrepreneurial Intentions and Behaviour as the Creation of Business: Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour Extension Evidence from Polish Universities and Entrepreneurs. Propósitos y Representaciones, 8, 674. https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8nSPE.674 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20511/pyr2020.v8nSPE.674
  36. Holman, D., & Walker A. (2021). Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses. European Journal of Ageing, 18(2), 239-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-020-00582-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-020-00582-7
  37. Holvino, E. (2010). Intersections: the simultaneity of race, gender and class in organization studies. Gender, Work & Organization, 17(3), 248-277. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00400.x
  38. Jarvis, L. (2016). Identification, intentions and entrepreneurial opportunities: an integrative process model. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 22, 182-198. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2015-0041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-02-2015-0041
  39. Kien, C., Sommer, I., Faustmann, A., Gibson, L., Schneider, M., Krczal, E., Jank, R., Klerings, I., Szelag M., Kerschner, B., Brattstrom P., & Gartlehner, G. (2019). Prevalence of mental disorders in young refugees and asylum seekers in European Countries: a systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(10), 1295-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1215-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-018-1215-z
  40. Knapp, G.A. (2005). Race, class, gender: Reclaiming baggage in fast travelling theories. European Journal of Womens Studies, 12(3), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506805054267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506805054267
  41. Kość-Ryżko, K. (2022). Single Motherhood of Refugees in Poland and the Challenges of Socialization in the Face of Cultural Alienation. Journal of Refugee Studies, 35(1), 396-415. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feab036
  42. Kohlenberger, J., Buber-Ennser, I., Pędziwiatr, K., Rengs, B., Setz, I., Brzozowski, J. et al. (2023). High self-selection of Ukrainian refugees into Europe: Evidence from Krakow and Vienna. PLoS ONE, 18(12), e0279783. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279783 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279783
  43. Křížková, I., & Ouředníček, M. (2020). Immigrant internal migration in a new destination country: Do immigrants suburbanise in Czechia and why?. Population, Space and Place, 26(7), e2326. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2326
  44. Kubiciel-Lodzińska, S. (2021). Can migrant men become more present in elderly care? Comparative analysis of migrant women and men in senior care. A case study from Poland. Problemy Polityki Społecznej, 55, 24-47. https://doi.org/10.31971/PPS/146118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.31971/pps/146118
  45. Lassalle, P., & Shaw, E. (2021). Trailing Wives and Constrained Agency Among Women Migrant Entrepreneurs: An Intersectional Perspective. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(6), 1496-1521. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721990331 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258721990331
  46. Lazarczyk-Bilal, N., & Glinka, B. (2020). What determines the entrepreneurial intentions of highly-skilled women with refugee experience? An empirical analysis in the context of Sweden. Administrative Sciences, 11(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci11010002
  47. Lehdonvirta, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Blank, G. (2021). Social media, web, and panel surveys: using non‐probability samples in social and policy research. Policy & Internet, 13(1), 134-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.238 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/poi3.238
  48. Liu, S., & Marois, G. (2023). The effect of motherhood on the labour force participation of married women in China. Asian Population Studies, https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2193518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2023.2193518
  49. Lumley-Sapanski, A. (2021). The survival job trap: explaining refugee employment outcomes in Chicago and the contributing factors. Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(2), 2093-2123. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez092
  50. Maj, J., Hamza-Orlinska, A., Sytnik, I., Stopochkin, A., & Ozbilin, M. (2024). Misrecognition and labor market inclusion of refugee mothers. Gender, Work & Organization. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/gwao.13179 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13179
  51. McMullen, J.S., Brownell, K.M., & Adams, J. (2021). What Makes an Entrepreneurship Study Entrepreneurial? Toward A Unified Theory of Entrepreneurial Agency. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 45(5), 1197-1238. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720922460 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258720922460
  52. Morokvasic, M. (1999). Beyond the hidden side: immigrant and minority women in self employment and business in Europe, IOM Workshop on Women in Migration.
  53. Munkejord, M.C. (2017). His or her work-life balance? Experiences of self-employed immigrant parents. Work Employment and Society, 31(4), 624-639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016667041 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017016667041
  54. Newman, A., Nielsen, I., Smyth, R., Hirst, G., & Kennedy, S. (2018). The effects of diversity climate on the work attitudes of refugee employees: The mediating role of psychological capital and moderating role of ethnic identity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 105, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.09.005
  55. Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R.K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.02.008
  56. OECD (2023). What are the integration challenges of Ukrainian refugee women?. OECD Policy Responses on the Impacts of the war in Ukraine, Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/ukraine-hub/policy-responses/what-are-the-integration-challenges-of-ukrainian-refugee-women-bb17dc64/, on January 16, 2024.
  57. Okólski, M. (2021). The Migration Transition in Poland. Central and Eastern European Migration Review, 10(2), 151-169. https://doi.org/10.17467/ceemr.2021.16
  58. Özbilgin, M.F., Beauregard, T.A., Tatli, A., & Bell, M.P. (2011). Work–Life, Diversity and Intersectionality: A Critical Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(2), 177-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00291.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2010.00291.x
  59. Pangas, J., Ogunsiji, O., Elmir, R., Raman, S., Liamputtong, P., Burns, E., Dahlen, H.G., & Schmied, V. (2019). Refugee women’s experiences negotiating motherhood and maternity care in a new country: A meta-ethnographic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 90, 31-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.10.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2018.10.005
  60. Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny (PIE) (2023). Od 2022 r. w Polsce powstało już blisko 30 tys. ukraińskich działalności gospodarczych. Retrieved from www.pie.net.pl, on July 19, 2023.
  61. Ram, M. (1994). Managing to Survive: Working Lives in Small Firms. Blackwell Publishers, New Jersey.
  62. Reed, H. (2018). Forced migration and undocumented migration and development. United Nations Expert group meeting for the review and appraisal of the program of action of the international conference on population and development and its contribution to the follow-up and review of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/events/pdf/expert/28/EGM_Holly_Reed.pdf, on March 3, 2024.
  63. Refaat, A. (2009). Fostering entrepreneurial intention among engineering students. Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on ENGINEERING EDUCATION 159-167. Retrieved from http://www.wseas.us/elibrary/conferences/2009/rodos/EDU/EDU24.pdf on July 23, 2024.
  64. Richey, M., Brooks, J., & Ravishankar, M.N. (2022). Building self-determination of disadvantaged groups: Insights from an entrepreneurship focused program for refugees. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 28(7), 1828-1850. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2021-0806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-10-2021-0806
  65. Rodriguez, J.K., & Scurry, T. (2019). Female and foreign: An intersectional exploration of the experiences of skilled migrant women in Qatar. Gender Work and Organization, 26(4), 480-500. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12353
  66. Rodriguez, J.K., Holvino, E., Fletcher, J.K., & Nkomo, S.M. (2016). The Theory and Praxis of Intersectionality in Work and Organisations: Where Do We Go From Here?: Gender, Work and Organization. Gender, Work & Organization, 23(3), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12131
  67. Salehyan, I. (2019). Conclusion: What Academia Can Contribute to Refugee Policy. Journal of Peace Research, 56(1), 146-51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812975 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343318812975
  68. Sang, K., Hanadi A-D., & Özbilgin, M. (2013). Frayed Careers of Migrant Female Professors in British Academia: An Intersectional Perspective. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(2), 158-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12014
  69. Schlechter, P., Rodriguez, I.M., Morina, N., Knausenberger, J., Wilkinson, P.O., & Hellmann, J.H. (2011). Psychological Distress in Refugees: The Role of Traumatic Events, Resilience, Social Support, and Support by Religious Faith. Psychiatry Research, 304, 114-121. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114121 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114121
  70. Scott, J.M., & Hussain, J. (2019). Exploring intersectionality issues in entrepreneurial finance: Policy responses and future research directions. Strategic Change, 28(1), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2244 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2244
  71. Simich, L., Beiser, M., Stewart, M., & Mwakarimba, E. (2005). Providing social support for immigrants and refugees in Canada: Challenges and directions. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 7, 259-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-005-5123-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-005-5123-1
  72. Stojanov, R., Klvanová, R., Seidlová, A., & Bures, O. (2022). Contemporary Czech migration policy: ‘Labour, not people’?. Population Space and Place, 28(4), https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2533 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2533
  73. The Republic of Poland’s Open Data Platform (2022). Szczegółowe statystyki dotyczące osób zarejestrowanych w rejestrze obywateli Ukrainy i członków ich rodzin, którym nadano status cudzoziemca na podstawie specustawy. Stan na 11.06.2024 r. Retrieved from https://dane.gov.pl/pl/dataset/2715,zarejestrowane-wnioski-o-nadanie-statusu-ukr/resource/58434/table, on July 4, 2024.
  74. Thompson, E.R. (2009). Individual entrepreneurial intent: Construct clarification and development of an internationally reliable metric. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 669-694. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00321.x
  75. Tourangeau, R. (2014). Defining Hard-to-Survey Populations. In R. Tourangeau, B. Edwards, T.P. Johnson, K.M. Wolter & N. Bates (Eds.), Hard-to-Survey Populations (pp. 3-20). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139381635.003
  76. Un, C.A., Ou, C., &. Lafayette, S.L.U (2022). From the Liability to the Advantage of Refugees. Journal of International Business Policy, 5(4), 530-61. https://doi.org/ 10.1057/s42214-021-00126-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s42214-021-00126-5
  77. Vershinina, N., Rodgers, P., & McAdam, M. (2019). Transnational gender entrepreneurship, gender and family business. Global Networks, a Journal of Transnational Affairs, 19(2), 238-260. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12225
  78. Vorobeva E. (2022). Intersectionality and Minority Entrepreneurship: At the Crossroad of Vulnerability and Power. In Dana L.-P., Khachlouf N., Maâlaoui A., and Ratten V. (Eds.) Disadvantaged Minorities in Business (pp. 225-235). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-030-97079-6_11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97079-6_11
  79. Wassenhove, L., & Boufaied, O. (2015). Europe Can Find Better Ways to Get Refugees into Workforces. Harvard Business Review, 5 October 2023. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2015/10/europe-can-find-better-ways-to-get-refugees-into-workforces on April 15, 2024.
  80. Zhang, P., Wang, D., & Owen, C.L. (2014). A Study of Entrepreneurial Intention of University Students. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 5, 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2014-0004

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Similar Articles

1-10 of 53

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.